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UNITED STATES OF AME 



RICA. 



1887 



A 



Drill Book 



-TX THE — 



llemenfe S En<Sli&h. Lan^uafe. 



THIRD EDITION. REVISED. 



/ 



By EDWARD COHANT, A. M., 



PRINCIPAL OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, AT RANDOLPH, VT . 




RUTLAND, VT.: 
PUBLISHED BY THE TUTTLE COMPANY. 

1887. 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1887, 

By EDWARD CONANT, 

in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



PREFACE. 



This edition of A Drill Book in the Elements of English has been 
prepared at the urgent solicitation of teachers who have used the 
earlier editions, for sometime now out of print, and who allege that 
they find no satisfactory substitute for it. 

The work is meant for a drill book in elements. It is designed to 
help forward such a study of the English language as will enable 
one to read at least modern English authors with enjoyment, and to 
express clearly one's own thoughts. 

Questions, directions, and model exercises, have been subjoined to 
a part of the text at the beginning of the book, to indicate modes of 
handling words and sentences. Very few of the questions and direc- 
tions lead to exercises usually called grammatical, as such will be 
sufficiently suggested by a proper study of the grammar. 

To Teachers. 

The essential part of this book is the text of the selections. What- 
ever else it contains has been introduced to facilitate the study of 
that text. 

THE SENTENCE 

is the proper unit of speech, and so is the first thing to be treated in 
the study of language. Beginning with the lesson entitled The 
Sentence read over with the class the groups of words, and see that 
the distinction among the groups is well understood by the pupil. 
Then let him write out such groups as are sentences, and form other 
groups, some making sentences, and some not making sentences. 

THE USES OF SENTENCES 

should be considered next, and the lesson bearing that title treated 
in the same way. When the pupils have become able to form and 
to recognize sentences of the several classes, they should learn the 
definitions of the first two lessons. 



iv. PREFACE. 

WORD ANALYSIS 

tends, first of all, to promote accuracy in pronunciation and spelling, 
and is an important exercise. 

The method inserted and illustrated has been for many years in 
actual use, with good results. 

THE SCANNING 

of the simpler forms of poetry is very easy. It is also very useful as 
leading to a better knowledge of the accentuation and construction 
of words, and to an observation of the musical or unmusical effect of 
words and combinations. Scanning is best learned by imitation. Let 
the teacher select an easy passage from some poem in the book, as 
for example, the first lines of " The Lady of Shalott," and scan to 
the class, then with the class, then let the class scan without the 
teacher ; and, in due time, let each pupil scan the passage by him- 
self. After a few exercises of this sort, the lessons relating to scan- 
ning may be studied with advantage. 

ROOTS, 

prefixes and suffixes are best studied in connection with the text 
of some good author. 

To begin the study of these, let the teacher read over with the class 
the text of the lessons entitled A Sentence with Questions, Elisha and 
JoasJi, Solomon's Request and An Address, observing in the notes 
what words are given as having prefix or suffix, and the parts of 
such words. Then find in the tables the several prefixes, roots and 
suffixes, and their meaning. After going over these lessons in this 
way, let them be often reviewed, the teacher calling for the prefix, 
root, primitive, or suffix of a word, and the class, or a pupil, respond- 
ing with the part and its meaning. When these lessons have been 
gone through with many times in this way, the class should be set to 
learning the prefixes and the suffixes, such exercises as are above 
described being kept up meanwhile. 

The writing of words and their parts on the blackboard, as they 
are presented in the notes referred to, is a good exercise for a class. 

To my fellow teachers, and others, who have favored me with 
suggestions, my thanks are herewith presented. Their approval is 
the reason for the appearance of this edition. 

Randolph, Aug., 1887. 



CONTENTS. 



INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 




Index of Authors, 


7 


Words for Analysis, 


19 


The Sentence, 


9 


A Sentence with Questions, 


20 


The Uses of Sentences, 


9 


Feet. Scanning, 


24 


Words, 


10 


Kinds of Lines, 


25 


Sounds, 


10 


Kinds of Stanzas, 


26 


Letters, 


11 


A Sentence with Questions, 


28 


Syllables, 


12 


Elisha and Joash, Questions, 


29 


Diphthongs, etc., 


13 


Solomon's Request, Questions, 


31 


Derivation, 


13 


The Flight of Joseph. Freder- 




Rules for Spelling, 


15 


ick William Farrar, 


32 


Compound Words, 


16 


Paraphrases of The Flight of 




Accent, Emphasis, 


17 


Joseph, 


32 


Word Analysis, Examples, 


17 


A Sentence with Questions, 


33 


Word Analysis, Order of, 


19 







SELECTIONS. 

An Address (with Questions,) Abraham Lincoln. 34 

Springs, Rivers and the Sea John Locke. 36 

The Bobolink The Boston Post. 37 

Robert of Lincoln. William Cullen Bryant. 38 

Rivers John Buskin. 40 

The Brook Alfred Tennyson. 41 

A Fable Bible. 42 

The Sources of the Nile Sir Samuel White Baker. 42 

Use Plain Language Willson's Fifth Reader. 44 

The Winter Palace of lee James Russell Lowell. 44 

The Bugle Song Alfred Tennyson. 46 

A Noble Revenge Thomas Be Quincey. 46 

The Vision of Mirza Joseph Addison. 48 

The Lady of Shalott Alfred Tennyson, 53 



vi. CONTENTS. 

To Seneca Lake James Gates Percival. 55 

Winter James Montgomery. 56 

Sow Thy Seed James Montgomery. 56 

Declare His Praise Anne Steele. 57 

He Sends His Angels Edmund Spenser. 58 

Nothing will Die Alfred Tennyson. 58 

All Things will Die Alfred Tennyson. 59 

' ' Break, break, break " Alfred Tennyson. 61 

The Journey of a Day Samuel Johnson. 61 

The Bells of Shandon Francis Maliony. 65 

The Postman William Coicper. 67 

Knowledge and Wisdom William Coicper. 68 

The Army of Charles V. before Algiers William Robertson. 68 

The Second Inaugural Address Abraham Lincoln. 72 

Set Down my Name, Sir John Bunyan. 74 

The Zeal not Proper for Religion Jeremy Taylor. 75 

Tom Smart's Ride Charles Dickens. 76 

Vicissitude Thomas Gray. 79 

Green River William Cullen Bi yant. 80 

The Voyage Washington Irving. 82 

Grace Preferable to Beauty Oliver Goldsmith. 89 

Paul Revere's Ride Henry Wadsicorth Longfellow. 93 

Julius Caesar, Act I., Scene I William Shakespeare. 97 

A Welcome to Alexandra Alfred Tennyson. 99 

The Relationship of Words Richard Chevenix Trench. 100 

Christmas Washington Irving. 101 

The Village of Grand Pre Henry Wadsicorth Longfellow. 107 

Boston Ministered to by the Continent George Bancroft. 109 

Old China Charles Lamb. 112 

The Sky John Ruskin. 119 

Roots of English Words with Prefixes. l23 

Prefixes 153 

Suffixes 155 



INDEX OF AUTHORS. 



Eng. stands for Englishman ; Am., for American ; b, for 
born and d, for died. 

Joseph Addison, Eng., writer of prose and of poetry, b, 
1672, d. 1719. P. 48. 

Sir Samuel White Baker, Eng., traveler, b. 1821. P. 42. 

George Bancroft, Am., statesman and historian, b. 1800. 
P. 109. 

William Cullen Bryant, Am., poet and journalist, b. 1794> 
d. 1878. Pp. 26, 38, 80. 

John Bunyan, Eng., preacher and writer, b. 1628, d. 
1688. P. 74. 

George Gordon Byron, Eng., poet, b. 1788, d. 1824. 
P. 27. 

William Cowper, Eng., poet, b. 1731, d. 1800. Pp. 
67, 68. 

Thomas De Quincey, Eng., writer of prose, b. 1785, d. 
1859. P. 46. 

Charles Dickens, Eng., novelist, b. 1812, d. 1870. P. 76. 

Frederick William Farrar, Eng., clergyman and author, 
b. 1831. P. 32. 

Oliver Goldsmith, Irish, novelist and poet, b. 1728, d. 
1774. P. 89. 

Thomas Gray, Eng., poet, b. 1716, d. 1771. P. 79. 

Washington Irving, Am., historian and biographer, b. 
1783, d. 1859. Pp. 82, 101. 

Samuel Johnson, Eng., lexicographer and essayist, b. 
1709, d. 1784. P. 61. 



yjii INDEX OF A TJTH0B8. 

Charles Lamb, Eng., essayist and poet, b. 1775, d. 1834. 
P. 112. 

Abraham Lincoln, Am., president of the U. S., b. 1809, 
d. 1865. Pp. 34, 72. 

John Locke, Eng., philosopher and metaphysician, b. 
1632, d. 1704. P. 36. 

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Am., poet, b. 1807, d. 
1882. Pp. 93, 107. 

James Russell Lowell, Am., poet, satirist and critic, b. 
1819. P. 44. 

Francis Mahony, Irish, humorist and journalist, b. 1800, 
d. 1866. Pseudonym, Father Prout. P. 65. 

James Montgomery, Scotch, poet and journalist, b. 1771, 
d. 1854. P. 86. 

James Gates Percival, Am., poet and geologist, b. 1795, 
d. 1856. P. 55. 

William Robertson, Scotch, clergyman and historian, b. 
1721, d. 1793. P. 68. 

John Ruskin, Eng., art-critic, b. 1819. Pp. 40, 118. 

William Shakespeare, Eng., dramatist, b. 1564. d. 1616. 
Pp. 33, 97. 

Edmund Spenser, Eng., poet, b. 1553, d. 1599. P. 58. 

Anne Steele, Eng., a writer of hymns, b. 1716, d. 1778. 
P. 57. 

Jeremy Taylor, Eng., theologian, b. 1613, d. 1667. P. 75. 

Alfred Tennyson, Eng., poet, b. 1810. Pp. 41, 46, 53, 
58, 59, 61, 99. 

Richard Chevenix Trench, Eng., theologian and philolo- 
gist, b. 1807. P. 100. 

Isaac Watts, Eng., clergyman and poet, b. 1674, d. 1748. 
P. 27. 



THE SENTENCE. 

GROUPS OF WORDS. EXAMINE THEM. 

Sun sky stars if of. Lamp book hear sight good. The 
sun shines. Inkstand pens paper. This is a good pen. 
How it rains ! Seeing such hat band-box. The horse 
runs. Fire flow water grass oxen. The cherry is ripe. 
Is the apple ripe ? Can you see the hawk ? Hear him. 

Copy those groups of words that tell something or ask something. 

A sentence is a group of words making complete 
sense, or, A sentence is a thought expressed in w^ords. 

Words and sense are necessary to a sentence. 



THE USES OF SENTENCES. 

I. Sentences used to assert. 

He greets me well. I am a soldier. You may do so. 
The storm is up. The gods to-day stand friendly. 

II. Sentences used to ask questions. 

Whence comest thou ? Saw you anything ? Did he 
take interest ? Where is my instrument ? Calls my 
lord? 

III. Sentences used to command or exhort. 
Consent thou not. Say not thou. See thou to that. 

Be ye warned. Be ye therefore perfect. Turn ye. 
Believe not so. Give me your hand. Pause there. Draw 
aside the curtains. Speak to me. Come on. 

IV. Sentences used to express strong emotion. 
How ill this taper burns ! What a fearful night is this ! 

How beautiful the fresh green fields are ! 

Sentences are used for four general purposes; (1) to 
assert, (2) to ask questions, (3) to command or entreat, 
(4) to express strong emotion. 



10 A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

I. Sentences used to assert are declarative. 

II. Sentences used to ask questions are interrogative. 

III. Sentences used to command or entreat are imper- 
ative. 

IV. Sentences used to express strong emotion are 
exclamatory. 

a. Every sentence should begin with a capital letter. 

b. Every declarative sentence, and every imperative 
sentence should be followed with a period. 

c. Every interrogative sentence should be followed by 
an interrogation point. 

d. Every exclamatory sentence should be followed by 
an exclamation point. 



WORDS. 

GROUPS OF LETTERS. EXAMINE THEM. 

Aabib, ggthe, begin, outer, eonneryic, buying. 

Give the sound of each letter in each group. Combine the letters 
in syllables and pronounce, if you can. 

Which of the groups mean something ? The groups that mean 
something are words. 

Words are either spoken or written. A spoken word 
is a sound or a group of sounds used as the sign of an 
idea. 

A written word is a letter or a group of letters used as 
the sign of an idea ; or, briefly, 

A word is the sign of an idea. 



SOUNDS. 
A, L O. 

Pronounce these words. Pronounce making the sounds very short, 
making the sounds very long. The mouth is kept open, and the 
breath is not stopped in making these sounds. 



ELEMEXl TS OF ENGLISH. 1 1 

Such sounds consist of pure tone and are called vocals. 
At, if, it, up. 

Pronounce these words aloud. Give separately the sounds of 
each word. Give the vocal sounds of each word. Pronounce these 
words in whisper. Give separately in whisper the sounds of each 
word. One sound in each word is the same when the word is whis- 
pered as when it is spoken aloud, 

Such sounds consist of pure breath and are called 
aspirates. 

Am, an, in, on, or. 

Pronounce these words aloud. Give separately the sounds of 
each word. Give the vocal sounds of the words. Give the sounds 
not vocal. Pronounce each word in whisper. Give separately in 
whisper the sounds of each word. The sounds not vocal are not the 
same in the whispered word as in the word spoken aloud. 

Such sounds consist of tone and breath united and are 
called subvocals. 

An elementary sound is one of the simple sounds used 
in speech. 

There are three classes of elementary sounds ; vocals, 
aspirates and subvocals. 

Vocals consist of pure tone. 

Aspirates consist of pure breath. 

Subvocals consist of tone and breath united. 



LETTERS. 
Bat, bate, fan, fain, pain, cub, cube, receipt, might. 

Pronounce these words. Give the vocal sounds of the words, the 
aspirate sounds, the subvocal sounds. 

Name the letters representing the vocal sounds, the aspirate sounds, 
the subvocal sounds, those representing no sound. 

A letter is a character used to represent an elementary 
sound. 

There are three classes of letters; vowels, aspirates, 
subvocals. 



12 A DRILL BOOK 1JS T THE 

Letters that represent vocal sounds are vowels. 
Letters that represent aspirate sounds are called aspi- 
rates. 

Letters that represent subvocal sounds are called sub- 
vocals. 

Letters representing aspirate sounds and letters repre- 
senting subvocal sounds are consonants. 

Letters that represent no sound are silent. 

The vowels are ; a, e, i, o, u, and 10 and y when not 
joined in pronunciation with a following vowel. 

The aspirates are ; c, f, h, k,p, q, s as in sun, t, th as 
in think, sh, ch, x as in tax, wh. 

The sub vocals are ; b, d, g, j, I, m, n, ng, r, s as in 
wise, th as in this, u following q, v, tv and y when not 
vowels, x as in example, z. 



SYLLABLES. 

Man, out, see, knife, word, pen, get, hear, speak. 

Pronounce these words. They are pronounced by one 
impulse of the voice. 

Such words are monosyllables. 

Manly, outward, "paper, vocal, accent, consist. 

Pronounce these words. They are pronounced by two 
impulses of the voice. 

Such words are dissyllables. 

Aspirate, excellent, subvocal, syllable, courageous. 

Pronounce these words. They are pronounced by 
three impulses of the voice. 
Such words are trisyllables. 

Excellently, accommodation, ungrammatically. 

Pronounce these words. They each require more than 
three impulses of the voice. 

Such words are polysyllables. 

An impulse of the voice is such an effort as is made in 
pronouncing words, like man, out, see. 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH, 13 

A syllable is a word or a part of a word pronounced 
by one impulse of the voice. 

A monosyllable is a word of one syllable. 

A dissyllable is a w T ord of two syllables. 

A trisyllable is a word of three syllables. 

A polysyllable is a w T ord of more than three syllables. 



DIPHTHONGS. TRIPHTHONGS. DIGRAPHS. 

Oil, loud, town, fair, great, height, say, saw, aught. 

Pronounce these words. In each word two vowels ; 
stand together in the same syllable. 

Beauty, lieu, view, buoy. 

Pronounce these words. In each word three vowels 
stand together in one syllable. 

Sing, this, when, physic, child, fish. 

Pronounce these words. In each word are two conso- 
nants standing together to represent one sound. 



Two vowels standing together in the same syllable are 
a diphthong. 

Three vowels standing together in one syllable are a 
triphthong. 

Two consonants standing together to represent one- 
sound are a digraph. 



DERIVATION. 

Come, become, income, outcome, overcome, welcome; 
comely, comeliness; xmcomely, forthcoming, unbecoming. 

These words have a common part come, which is itself 
an English word. The other words are formed from the 
word come by putting other parts before or after, or 
both before and after it. The word come is not derived 



14 A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

from any other English word, and is a primitive word. 
The other words are derivative words. This is derivation 
by addition. 

See, saw ; blow, blew ; tread, trod ; ma?i, men. 

The second word in each pair is derived from the first, 
by change of vowel. This is derivation by internal 
change. 

Sell, sold ; teach, taught ; shall, should ; will, would. 

The second word in each pair is derived from the first. 
In each derivative there is (1) an addition, (2) change of 
vowel, (3) change of consonants. This is derivation by 
addition and internal change. 

Conceive, deceive, perceive, receive, receiving, received, 
receiver, receivers, receivable. 

These words have a common part ceive from which 
words are formed by additions ; but that common part 
is not itself an English word. Such a common part is a 
root. 

A primitive is a word not derived from any other word 
in the language. 

A derivative is a word formed from some other word 
in the language. 

A root is a syllable or a group of syllables, not itself 
an English word, from which English words are formed 
by additions. 

A prefix is a part put before a primitive or a root to 
form a word. 

A suffix is a part put after a primitive or a root to form 
a w^ord. 

There are three modes of derivation from primitives, 
(1) by addition, (2) by internal change, (3) by addition 
and internal change. 

Note 1. — When the derivation is by addition a part may be dropped 
as love, loving ; send, sent ; have, had ; young, youth. 

Note 2. — A new word is sometimes formed by dropping a part, as 
alone, lone; an, a; mine, my; thine, thy ; agone, ago. 



EL EMENTS OF ENGLISH. 1 5 

EXILES FOE SPELLING. 

Accident , graceful, racy, gentle, gyrate, gigantic. 

Give the sounds of c and g in these words. C before 
e, i, y has the sound of s ; and g before e, i, y has the 
sound of j. These are the soft sounds of c and g. The 
other sounds of c and g are their hard sounds. 

Hat, hate ; rag, rage ; since, face. 

Compare the number of letters in each of these words 
with the number of sounds in the word. E \x\ hate shows 
that a has a long sound, e in rage and face shows that 
the vowel before it has a long sound and that the conso- 
nant before it has its soft sound. 

Write, writing ; slate, slaty ; conceive, conceivable. 

Each primitive ends with e. Each derivative drops e 
and adds a suffix begining with a vowel. 

Courage, courageous ; charge, chargeable ; grace, 
gracious. 

Each primitive ends in e preceded by g or c. Each 
suffix begins with a letter before which g and c are hard 
jEMs retained in the first two and becomes i in the third # 

Carry, carried ; espy^ espial ; heavy, heaviness. 

Each primitive ends in y preceded by a consonant, the 
y is changed before a suffix. 

Survey, surveyor ; destroy, destroying ; allay, allayed. 

Each primitive ends in y preceded by a vowel, the 
y remains before a suffix. 

Fly, flying ; lie, lying ; bounty, bounteous. 

Two i's are not brought together; sometimes y becomes e. 

Pen, penning ; compel, compellative ; acquit, acquitted. 



16 A DBILL BOOK IN THE 

The first primitive is a monosyllable, the second and 
third are accented on the last syllable. Each primitive 
ends with a single consonant. Each final consonant in 
the first two primitives is preceded by a single vowel, and 
in the last by a vowel after gu. Each derivative adds a 
syllable beginning with a vowel, and doubles the final 
consonant of the primitive. 

C and g are generally soft before e, i, y, and are hard 
in other situations. 

^final generally shows that the preceding vowel has 
a long sound. 

E final is generally dropped before a suffix beginning 
with a vowel ; but it is sometimes retained or changed to 
i after c or g to preserve the soft sound of c or g. 

Y final preceded by a consonant is changed to i before 
a suffix ; but two Va must not be brought together. 

y final preceded by a vowel is unchanged before a 
suffix. 

A single consonant ending a monosyllable or a word 
accented on the last syllable, and following a single vowel, 
or a vowel after qu, is doubled before a suffix beginning 
with a vowel. 



m 
COMPOUND WORDS. 

Inkstand, pen-holder, overgrown, notwithstanding. 

These words consist of two or more words each. 

A word consisting of two or more words is a compound 
word. 

Compounds that have been long in use are written and 
printed like other words. 

New compounds generally have the parts connected by 
a hyphen. 

The words put together to form a compound may be 
either primitive or derivative words. 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 1 7 

ACCENT. EMPHASIS. 

Happy, relief, congregate, completed, preparation. 

In each of these words, one syllable is uttered with 
more force than the others, and is the accented syllable. 

Give me the book. Commend me to your father. 

In each of these sentences, the first word and the last 
are uttered with more force than the others ; these are 
the emphatic words. 

Accent is the greater stress of voice given to one syl- 
lable of a word. 

Emphasis is the greater stress of voice given to some 
word or words of a sentence. 



WORD ANALYSIS. EXAMPLES. 

LETTER. 

Letter is a word of six letters : of these two, e, e, are 
vowels, single and sounded ; and four, 1, t, t, r, are con- 
sonants, of which t, t are aspirates representing but one 
sound, and 1, r are subvocals, single and sounded. Letter 
is a dissyllable, accented on the first syllable, a primitive 
word, a simple word. 

SPOILER. 

Spoiler is a word of seven letters ; of these three, o, 
i, e, are vowels ; o, i form a diphthong, e is single and 
sounded ; four, s, p, 1, r, are consonants, of which two, 
s, p, are aspirates, and two, 1, r, are subvocals ; the con- 
sonants are single and sounded. Spoiler is a dissyllable, 
accented on the first syllable, — a derivative word from 
the primitive spoil, with the suffix er, and a simple word. 
2 



18 A BRILL BOOK IN THE 

UNTIMELY. 

Untimely is a word of eight letters ; of these four, u, 
i, e, y, are vowels ; u, i, y are single and sounded, and 
e is silent ; and four, n, t, m, 1, are consonants, of which 
n, m, 1 are subvocals, and t is an aspirate ; all are single 
and sounded. Untimely is a trisyllable, accented on the 
second syllable, — a derivative word formed from the 
primitive timely, with the prefix un ; .and timely is a 
derivative word formed from the primitive time, with 
the suffix ly. 

NOTWITHSTANDING. 

Notwithstanding is a word of fifteen letters ; of these 
four, o. i, a, i, are vowels, single and sounded ; and 
eleven, n, t, w, t, h, s, t, n, d, n, g, are consonants, of 
which six, n, w, n, d, n, g, are subvocals ; and five, t, t, 
h, s, t, are aspirates ; the second t with h forms a sub- 
vocal digraph, and the last n with g forms a subvocal 
digraph ; the others are single and sounded. Notwith- 
standing is a polysyllable, accented on the third sylla- 
ble, — a compound word, of which the component parts 
are not, with and standing ; of these not and with are 
primitives, and standing is a derivative from the primi- 
tive stand with the suffix ing. 

GENTLEMANLY. 

Gentlemanly is a word of eleven letters ; of these 
four, e, e, a, y, are vowels, single ; the first e, a, y 
sounded, the second e silent ; seven, g, n, t, 1, m, n, 1, 
are consonants, of which six, g, n, 1, m, n, 1, are subvo- 
cals, and one t is an aspirate ; they are single and 
sounded. Gentlemanly is a polysyllable, accented on 
the first syllable, — a derivative from the primitive gen- 
Iteman, with the suffix ly. Gentleman is a compound 
word, of which the component parts are gentle and ?nan. 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 
ORDEE OF WORD ANALYSIS. 



19 



C single 



( sounded 



\- 



a word of •< — letters-} 



| — vowels 

V. combined ( silent 



[ — aspirates j single ( sounded 



f monosyllable 



— is-! a i 



J dissyllable 



j — consonants < < 

L ( — subvocals f combined ( silent 

f 



1 trisyllable 



t polysyllable 

( primitive. 

[ derivative (primitive, prefix, suffix). 

("simple. 

* i 
t \ compound (component parts) . 



-{ accented on the — syllable. 
I 



EXEECISE IN WORD ANALYSIS. 

All the words in the following lists are for practice in spelling 
by sounds and in word analysis. Some of the lists are also for other 
purposes, as indicated. 

(1) Bat, cat, met, pin, not, tub, cyst. 

To illustrate the rule for the sounds for c and g. 

(2) Cent, city, cymbal, can, cry, frolic. 

(3) Gentle, ginger, gyve, gag, gossip, argus. 

To illustrate further the rule for the sounds of c. 

(4) Colicky, physicked, talcky, trafficker, zincky. 
To illustrate one use of e final. 

(5) Bate, care, mete, pine, note, tube, cyme. 
To illustrate one other use of e final. 

(6) Prance, pounce, lounge, sponge, cringe, voice. 

To illustrate two uses of e final. 

(7) Face, ice, nice, spruce, cage, page, huge. 

To illustrate the rule for doubling in derivatives. 

(8) Running, acquitting, blurring, happy, ruddy 



20 ^ DRILL BOOK IN THE 

To illustrate the rule for dropping e final. 

(9) Loving, eying, forcible, blamable, changing. 
To illustrate exceptions to the rule for dropping e final. 

(10) Chargeable, peaceable, courageous, seeing, hoeing. 

To illustrate the rule for y final. 

(11) Marriage, pitiful, merriment, duties, days. 
To illustrate exceptions to the rule for y final. 

(12) Carrying, pitying, slyly, beauteous, dying. 



A SIMPLE SENTENCE WITH QUESTIONS. 

In the beginning God created the heaven and the 
earth. 

I. — Head the sentence. Tell what it means. What 
is the smallest number of these words that you can put 
together and make sense ? Write those words. What 
words stand before these in the sentence ? In what 
other places in the sentence can you put those first 
words ? In how many other places ? What words in the 
sentence follow those you have chosen to write ? In 
what other places in the sentence can you put those last 
words ? In how many other places ? 

Who is spoken of as doing something in this sentence ? 
What did he do ? What was the result of his doing ? 
When did he do it ? Write the word denoting the 
Being spoken of in this sentence. Write the word 
denoting the act performed. Write the words denoting 
the result of the act. Write the words denoting the 
time of the act. 

How many are the principal ideas expressed in this 
sentence ? How many of the principal ideas are 
expressed by a single word ? How many by a group of 
words ? What single words express each a principal 
idea of the sentence ? What groups of words express 
each a principal idea of the sentence ? 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 21 

In the beginning God created the heaven and the 
earth. 

Write the sentence in as many ways as you can, chang- 
ing the order of the words, but not changing the words. 
Express the meaning of the sentence as nearly as you can 
in different words. 

II. — How many words in this sentence ? How many 
letters in the first word ? Name them. How many in 
the second word ? Name them. How many in each 
other word of the sentence ? Name them. Write in a 
column the letters used in this sentence. After each 
letter in the column place a figure showing how many 
times the letter is used in the sentence. 

Pronounce the first word of the sentence. How many 
sounds are combined in the word ? Give the sounds. 
What letter represents the first sound ? What the 
second ? Give the sound of i in in. Give the sound of 
n in in. 

Pronounce the second word in the sentence. How 
many sounds are combined in the word ? Give the 
sounds. What letters represent the first sound ? What 
letter represents the second sound ? Give the sound of 
th in the. Give the sound of e in the. 

Pronounce each other word in the sentence. Give for 
each word the sounds combined in it. Name the letters 
representing the several sounds. Give the sound repre- 
sented by each letter or combination of letters. How 
many sounds in each of the several words of the sentence ? 
How many letters ? How many combinations of letters 
to represent a single sound ? How many letters repre- 
senting no sound ? In what words of the sentence is the 
number of letters greater than the number of sounds ? 
In what words is the number of letters equal to the num- 
ber of sounds ? What do we call a letter representing 
no sound ? Write in a column the combinations of letters 
used in this sentence, eacli to represent a single sound. 
After each combination write a figure showing how many 
times the combination is used in the sentence. 



22 A BRILL BOOK IN THE 

In the beginning God created the heaven and the 
earth. 

III. — Pronounce in whisper the seventh word of the 
sentence. Give in whisper the sounds of the word. 
"What letter represents the first sound ? What the sec- 
ond ? What the third ? What the fourth ? 

Pronounce the word aloud. Give aloud the sounds of 
the word that can be given aloud. What letter repre- 
sents the first sound ? What the second ? What the 
third ? What the fourth ? 

To- what letter do you give the same sound when the 
word is whispered that you give to it when the word is 
spoken aloud ? Go through with all the words of the 
sentence, first pronouncing each in whisper, and giving 
its sounds in whisper, then pronouncing the word aloud, 
and giving its sounds aloud, and see what sounds are the 
same when the word is whispered as when it is spoken 
aloud. What do the whispered sounds consist of ? What 
are the whispered sounds called ? What are the letters 
representing whispered sounds called ? 

Return to the seventh word of the sentence and pro- 
nounce it aloud. Give aloud such of the sounds of the 
word as can be given aloud, and observe that in giving 
some of the sounds you stop the breath by tongue or lips. 
Pronounce the word and give the sounds again, observ- 
ing more carefully. Go through with all the words of 
the sentence, observing what sounds not aspirate you 
stop the breath to make, and what sounds not aspirate 
you make without stopping the breath. What do we call 
those sounds not aspirate that we can make without stop- 
ping the breath ? What do we call the letters represent- 
ing those sounds ? What do we call those sounds not 
aspirate that we stop the breath to make ? What do we 
call the letters representing those sounds ? 

Make a list of the aspirates in this sentence. Of the 
vowels. Of the subvocals. Of the silent letters. Of the 
diphthongs. Of the digraphs. 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 23 

In the beginning God created the heaven and the 
earth. 

IV. — Pronounce the words of the sentence. How 
many impulses of the voice are required for the first 
word ? How many for the second word ? For the third ? 
For each of the other words ? What do we call that part 
of a word which is pronounced by a single impulse of the 
voice ? Define monosyllable, dissyllable, trisyllable, poly- 
syllable. Make a list of words of one syllable from the 
sentence. Of words of two syllables. Of three syllables. 

V. — From the fifth word of the sentence take the last 
letter ; what word remains ? What does the remaining 
word mean? What does created mean? What. does 
the d mean ? 

From the seventh word take the last letter ; what is 
the remaining word ? What does the remaining word 
mean ? What does heaven mean ? What does the n 
mean ? 

From the third word take the last three letters ; what 
does the remaining word mean ? What does beginning 
mean ? What does the ing mean ? After taking off ing, 
is the remaining word correctly spelled ? Give the rule 
of spelling applicable to beginning. 

From the third word take the first two letters ; take 
away also the last four letters, — what remains ? What is 
the meaning of the remaining word ? What is the mean- 
ing of begin ? What is the meaning of be ? What is 
the use of be in this word i Is gin, meaning to com- 
mence, in use at the present time ? 

What is a primitive w^ord \ What is a derivative 
word ? Make a list of the primitive words in the sen- 
tence. Of the derivative words. Of the primitives 
found in the derivative words. Of the prefixes. Of the 
suffixes. What is a prefix ? What is a suffix ? 

What are the elements of the words we spe ak ? What 
are the elements of the words we write \ By what 
organs do we recognize spoken words ? By what writ- 
ten words ? By what organs do we express spoken 
words ? By what do we express written words ? 



24: A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

FEET. SCANNING. 
On either side the river lie, — Tennyson. 

Read the line. The accented syllables are ei, side, riv, 
lie. The syllables of the line are grouped in pairs, of 
which the second syllable is accented and the first unac- 
cented. Such a group of syllables is an iambic foot, or 
an iambus. 

Little breezes dusk and shiver. — Tennyson. 

The accented syllables are lit, breez, dusk, shiv. The 
syllables of the line are grouped in pairs, of which the 
first syllable is accented and the second is unaccented. 
Sucli a group of syllables is a trochaic foot, or a trochee. 

When the firmament quivers vnth daylighfs young 
beam. — Bryant. 

The accented syllables are fir, quiv, day, beam. The 
syllables of the line are grouped in triplets, of which the 
last syllable is accented and the first two are unaccented. 
Such a group of syllables is an anapestic foot, or an 
snapest. 

Hail to the chief vjho in triumph advances. — Scott. 

The accented syllables are hail, chief, trt, vane. The 
last two syllables of the line are a trochee ; the other 
syllables are grouped in triplets, of which the first sylla- 
ble is accented and the last two are unaccented. Such a 
group of syllables is a dactylic foot, or a dactyl. 

One after another the white clouds are fleeting. — 

Tennyson. 

The accented syllables are af, oth, white, fleet. The 
syllables of the line are grouped in triplets, of which the 
second syllable is accented, and the first and the last are 
unaccented. Such a group of syllables is an amphi- 
brachic foot, or an amphibrach. 

A foot is one of the groups of syllables of which a line 
of poetry is composed. 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 25 

There are used in English poetry five principal feet : 
the iambus, the trochee, the anapest, the dactyl, the 
amphibrach. 

A trochee is a foot of two syllables, of which the first 
is accented. 

An iambus is a foot of two syllables, of which the 
second is accented. 

An anapest is a foot of three syllables, of which the 
third is accented. 

A dactyl is a foot of three syllables, of which the first 
is accented. 

An amphibrach is a foot of three syllables, of which 
the second is accented. 

Scanning is the reading of poetry, so as to show what 
the several feet are. 



KINDS OF LINES. 

Italy. — Bryant. 

In this line is one foot, a dactyl. Because the foot is 
a dactyl, the line is dactylic ; because there is only one 
foot in it, the line is a monometer. 

He is gone, he is gone. — Shakespeare. 

In this line are two anapests. Because the feet are 
anapests, the line is anapestic ; because there are two 
feet in it, the line is a dimeter. 

Come hither, come hither, come hither. — Shakespeare. 

In this line are three amphibrachs. Because the feet are 
amphibrachs, the line is amphibracliic ; because there are 
three feet in it, the line is a trimeter. 

Willows whiten, aspens quiver . — Tennyson. 

In this line are four trochees. Because the feet are 
trochees, the line is trochaic ; because there are four feet, 
the line is a tetrameter. 



26 4 BRILL BOOK IN THE 

Knowledge is proud that he has learned so much. — 

Cowper. 

In this line are four iambics and one trochee. Because 
the prevailing foot is the iambus, the line is iambic ; 
because there are five feet in it, the line is a pentameter. 

In the Acadian land on the shores of the Basin of 
Minas. — Longfellow. 

In this line are five dactyls and one trochee. Because 
the prevailing foot is the dactyl, the line is dactylic ; 
because there are six feet in it, the line is a hexameter. 

A verse composed of iambics, is iambic. 

" '<• trochaics, is trochiac. 

" " dactyls, is dactylic. 

" " anapests, is anapestic. 

" " amphibrachs, is amphibrachic. 

A verse consisting of one foot, is a monometer. 

" " two feet, is a dimeter. 

" " three feet, is a trimeter. 

" " four feet, is a tetrameter. 

u " live feet, is a pentameter. 

u " six feet, is a hexameter. 



METERS. STANZA. EHYME. 

Truth crushed to earth shall rise again ; 

The eternal years of God are hers; 
But Error, wounded writhes in pain, 

And dies among his worshippers. — Bryant. 
Count the lines and the feet in each line, and notice 
the kind of foot. This is long meter. 

The fragrant birch, above him, hung 

Her tassels in the sky ; 
And many a vernal blossom sprung, 

And nodded careless by. — Bryant. 

Count the lines and the feet in each line, and notice the 
kind of foot. This is common meter. 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 27 

Behold the morning sun 

Begins his glorious way ; 
His beams through all the nations run, 

And life and light convey. — Watts. 

Count the lines and the feet in each line, and notice 
the kind of foot. This is short meter. 

Hark what celestial sounds, 
What music fills the air ! 
Soft warbling to the morn 
It strikes the ravished ear. 

Now all is still ; 

Now wild it floats 

In tuneful notes, 

Loud, sweet and shrill. 

— Sabbath Hymn Book. 

Count the lines and the feet in each line, and notice 
the kind of foot. This is hallelujah meter. 

There is a pleasure in the pathless woods, 

There is a rapture on the lonely shore, 

There is society where none intrudes 

By the deep sea, and music in its roar ; 

I love not man the less, but nature more, 

From these our interviews, in which I steal 

From all I may be, or have been before, 

To mingle with the universe, and feel 

What I can ne'er express, yet cannot all conceal. — Byron. 

Count the lines and the feet in each line, and notice 
the kind of feet and the arrangement of the like sounds 
at the end of the lines. This is the Spenserian stanza. 

When breezes are soft and skies are fair, 
I steal an hour from study and care, 
And hie me away to the woodland scene, 
Where wanders the stream with waters of green, 
As if the bright fringe of herbs on its brink 
Had given their stain to the waves they drink ; 



28 A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

And they, whose meadows it murmurs through, 
Have named the stream from its own fair hue. 

— Bryant. 

Notice the feet in these lines ; they are purposely 
varied. Such poetry is called composite verse. 

A stanza is a combination of several lines of poetry. 

Rhyme is the agreement of sound at the end of the 
successive lines. 

Poetry, without rhyme, is blank verse. 

The long meter stanza consists of four lines of four 
iambic feet each. 

The common meter stanza consists of four lines, of 
which the first and third contain four, and the second 
and fourth contain three iambic feet each. 

The short meter stanza consists of four lines, of which 
the third contains four, and the first, second and fourth 
contain three iambic feet each. 

The hallelujah meter stanza consists of eight lines, of 
which the first four contain three, and the last four con- 
tain two iambic feet each. But the Spenserian stanza 
consists of nine lines, of which the ninth contains six, 
and the first eight contain five iambic feet each ; and in 
which the first and third, the second, fourth, fifth and 
seventh, and the sixth, eighth and ninth rhyme togther. 

Composite verse is poetry in which various kinds of 
feet are freely combined. 



A SENTENCE WITH QUESTIONS. 

Willows whiten, aspens quiver, 
Little breezes dusk and shiver 
Thro' the wave that runs forever 
By the island in the river 
Flowing down to Camelot. 

How many syllables in the first line ? Name the accented syllables 
in the first line. Pronounce the feet in the first line. How many 
feet in the line ? What is the kind of foot ? What is the line 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. ' 29 

Willows whiten, aspens quiver, 

Little breezes dusk and shiver 

Thro' the wave that runs forever 

By the island in the river 

Flowing down to Camelot. 

called because of the kind of foot ? What is the line called because 
of the number of feet ? Scan the other lines. What is the kind of 
foot in them ? What is the number of feet in them ? In which line 
does the last foot lack a syllable ? 

How many assertions in this sentence ? Read the assertions sepa- 
rately. What are the willows said to do ? The aspens ? The breezes t 
What whiten f What quiver ! What dusk and shiver ? Where dusk 
and shiver? What wave? What runs? Runs how long? Buns 
where ? What island? 

Why do little, thro', by, flowing begin with capital letters ? What 
two reasons for beginning willows with a capital letter ? 

Willows = willow+s. Aspens = aspen-fs. Breezes = breeze-fs. 
What is the use of the s in these words? Whiten = white-f-en ; 
meaning of white? of whiten? of en? What is dropped in whiten? 
What rule of spelling is applicable to whiten ? 

What runs ? How many run ? What letter in runs shows how 
many run ? Forever = for-j-ever ; what kind of a word ? Flowing= 
flow-f-ing ; meaning of flow ? of flowing ? of ing ? 

Name the vowels in these lines, the subvocals, the aspirates. 
Analyze the words of the sentence. 



ELISHA AND JOASH. 

SECOND KINGS, XIII., 14 to 19. 

(1) Now Elisha was fallen sick, of his sickness whereof 
he died. (2) And Joash, the king of Israel, came down 
unto him, and w r ept over his face, and said : O my father, 
my father ! the chariot of Israel and the horsemen thereof. 

1. Who was sick ? Of what sickness ? Whose sickness ? Who 
died ? Fallen = fall-fen. His = he-f-s. Sickness = sick-j-ness. 
Whereof = where+of ; meaning? Express the meaning of this 
sentence in your own words ; in one sentence, in two sentences. 

2. Who came down ? To whom did he come dozen ? Over whose 
face? Who said? Said what, ? Who my father? The chariot of 
what? The horsemen of what? 

King = kin+ing. Zft'm = he-|-m. Wept = weep+t. >&Mtf=say-j-d. 
Chariot = char+iot. Horsemen = horse+men. Thereof = there-f-of ; 
meaning ? Express the meaning of this sentence in your own 
words ; in one sentence, in two sentences, in three sentences. 



30 A BRILL BOOK IN THE 

(3) And Elisha said unto him, Take how and arrows. 
(4) And he took unto him how and arrows. (5) And he 
said to the king of Israel, Put thine hand upon the bow. 
(6) And he put his hand upon it ; and Elisha put his 
hands upon the king's hands. (7) And he said, Open the 
window Eastward. (8) And he opened it. (9) Then 
Elisha said, Shoot. (10) And he shot. (11) And he 
said, The arrow of the Lord's deliverance from Syria ; 
for thou shalt smite the Syrians in Aphek, till thou have 
consumed them. 

3. Arrows = arrow-f-s. 

5. Thine = thou+ne. Upon = up-f-on. 

6. His = he+s. King's = kin-fing+'s. Hands = hand-j-s. 

7. Eastward = east-f-ward. 

8. Opened = open+ed. 

11. Lord's = Lord+'s. Deliverance = de+liber+ance. Shalt = 
shall-f-t. Syrians = Syria+an+s. Consumed = con+sum-f-ed. 
Them = the-f-m. Express the meaning of each sentence in your own 
woids. 

(12) And he said, Take the arrows. (13) And he 
took them. (14) And he said unto the king of Israel, 
Smite upon the ground. (15) Aud he smote thrice, and 
stayed. (16) And the man of God was wroth with him, 
and said, Thou shouldst have smitten five or six times ; 
then hadst thou smitten Syria till thou hadst consumed 
it ; whereas now thou shalt smite Syria but thrice. 

15. Thrice = three-f-ce. Staved = stay-f- ec L 

16. Shouldst = shall+d+st. Smitten = sinite-f-en. Times = 
time-f-es. Hadst = have+ed+st. Consumed = Qon-{-sum-{-ed. Where- 
as = where+as. But = be+ut. 

Make a list of the primitive words found in this selection ; of the 
derivative words ; of the compound words. 

From what primitive is fallen derived? His? Died? Came? 
Him? Took? Smote? Make a list of the primitives from which 
the derivatives of this lesson are formed. Which derivatives are 
formed by addition ? Which by internal change ? Which by inter- 
nal change and addition ? 

Which of the sentences contain more than one assertion ? Which 
of the sentences express a command ? Write out this story in your 
own words. 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 31 

SOLOMON'S ilEQUEST. 

FIRST KINGS, III., 5 to 10. 

(1) In Gibeon the Lord appeared to Solomon in a 
dream by night : and God said, Ask what I shall give 
thee. (2) And Solomon said, Thou hast showed unto thy 
servant David, my father, great mercy, according as he 
walked before thee in truth, and in righteousness, and in 
uprightness of heart with thee ; and thou hast kept for 
him this great kindness, that thou hast given him a son to 
sit on his throne, as it is this day. (3) And now, O Lord 
my God, thou hast made thy servant king instead of 
David, my father : and I am but a little child ; I know 
not how to go out or come in. 

1. Appeared = ap+pear-f ed. Said = say-f-d. 

2. Hast = have-f-st. Showed = show-f-ed. Servant = serv+ant. 
According = ac+cord+ing. Walked = walk-fed. Before = be-ffore. 
Truth = true-f th. Righteousness = right-f wis-f ness. Uprightness = 
up-f rig ht+ ness. Kept = keep-ft. Him = he— m. Kindness = 
kin-f d-f ness. Given = give-fen. His = he-f s. 

3. Made = make-f de. King = kin-f ing. Instead = in+ stead. 
But = be+ut. Little = lit+le. 

(4) And thy servant is in the midst of thy people which 
thou hast chosen, a great people, that cannot be numbered 
nor counted for multitude. (5) Give, therefore, thy serv- 
ant an understanding heart to judge thy people, that I 
may discern between good and bad ; for who is able to 
judge this thy so great a people ? (6) And the speech 
pleased the Lord, that Solomon had asked this thing. 

4. Midst =mid+st. Chosen = choose+en. Cannot = can+not. 
Numbered = number-fed. Nor = n+or = not+or. Counted = 
count+ed. Multitude = mult+itude. 

5. Therefore =there+for; meaning? Understanding = under+ 
stand+ing. Judge = ju(r)+dg ; dg = die. Discern = dis-fcern. 
Between = be+twain. 

6. Pleased = pleas+ed. Had = have-f ed. Asked = ask+ed. 
Give the meaning of each primitive, root, prefix, suffix, in this selec- 
tion. 



32 A BRILL BOOK IN THE 

THE FLIGHT OF JOSEPH. 

For explanation, read the second chapter of Matthew. 

Egypt has, in all ages, been the natural place of ref- 
uge for all who were driven from Palestine by distress,, 
persecution, or discontent. Rhinokolura, the river of 
Egypt, or as Milton, with his usual exquisite and learned 
accuracy calls it, 

" The brook that parts 
Egypt from Syrian ground," 

might have been reached by the fugitives in three days ; 
and once upon the further bank, they were beyond the 
reach of Herod's jurisdiction. 

PARAPHRASES. 



Egypt was ever the country to which people driven from Palestine, 
for any cause, would naturally flee. Fugitives from Bethlehem could 
in three days reach that stream which the learned and exquisitely 
accurate Milton has named, 

' ' The brook that parts 
Egypt from Syrian ground." 

Having crossed this, they were beyond the dominion of Herod. 

II. 

Men so distressed, persecuted, or discontented as to feel constrained 
to leave Palestine had for long been wont to seek Egypt. The river 
of Egypt, 

1 ' The brook that parts 
Egypt from Syrian ground," 

so Milton in his exquisite and learnedly accurate way describes it, 
was but three days from Bethlehem. Beyond that Herod had no 
jurisdiction. 

III. 

The command to flee into Egypt agreed with Jewish traditions. 
Three days journey from Bethlehem was the Rhinokolura, the 
boundary between Syria and Egypt, so beautifully and accurately 
characterized by Milton. Further in that direction Herod's authority 
did not extend. 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 33 

A SENTENCE WITH QUESTIONS. 

There is a tide in the affairs of men, 

Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune ; 

Omitted, all the voyage of their life 
Is bound in shallows, and in miseries. 

Count the syllables in the first line. Pronounce the accented 
syllables in the line. What is the kind of foot in the line ? What 
is the number of feet in the line? What is the line called because 
of the kind of foot? What is it called because of the number of 
feet? Scan the second line. What is the number of syllables? 
What the number of feet ? Is the last syllable accented ? Scan the 
remaining lines. 

Read the first line and give the meaning of it in your own words. 
Give in your own words the meaning of the second line. Give in 
your own words the meaning of the third and fourth lines. 

What is asserted in the first line? What in the second? What 
in the third and fourth ? What is spoken of in the first line ? What 
is said of it ? What is in the affairs of men ? Where is the tide ? 
In what affairs ? Ln what ? Of what ? 

Which, means what? What leads? Leads in what direction? 
Leads to what end ? What taken ? Taken when ? At what ? To 
what? 

What omitted ? Are any words to be supplied before omitted ? 
What is bound? Where bound? Ln what? What voyage? Of 
what ? Their what ? Their ; whose ? All what ? 

How many assertions in the sentence ? Write them out separately. 

What is the use of the last e in there, tide, fortune, life ? What 
two uses has the final e in voyage ? 

Make a list of the monosyllables in the sentence. Of the dissyl- 
lables. Of the trisyllables. 

Meaning of the prefix af, of the root fair, of the suffix s, in 
affairs ? Men ; what is the singular ? By what change is the 
plural formed ? Meaning of en in taken ? Meaning of take ? 
Flood = flow-(-d. Meaning of flow, of d ? Leads ; meaning of s ? 
Fortune ; meaning of une? Of fort? Omitted = ob+niitt-f-ed. From 
omitted drop ed ; is the word then remaining correctly spelled ? 
Give the rule of spelling for omitted. Voyage ; give the meaning of 
voy, of age. Their ; of what use is r ? Is bound ; of what voice ? 
Of what is this form composed ? What is is in is bound ? What is 
bound in is bound ? From what is bound derived ? By what change ? 
Shalloios ; suffix ? meaning ? Miseries = miser-f-y-f- es > g* ve tne 
meaning of the parts. Give the rule of spelling for miseries. 

Make a list of the parts of speech found in this sentence. After 
the name of each part of speech write the words of the sentence 
belonging to it. 

(3) 



34 A BRILL BOOK W THE 

There is a tide in the affairs of men, 

Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune ; 

Omitted, all the voyage of their life 
Is bound in shallows, and in miseries. 

What is the use of there in the first line ? All the voyage ; do the 
article and the adjective here stand in the common order ? 

Transpose. Paraphrase ; making one sentence ; making two sen- 
tences. 

Analyze the sentence. Parse the words of the sentence. Apply 
the word analysis to the several words of the sentence. 



AN ADDKESS 

DELIVERED BY ABRAHAM LINCOLN AT THE CONSECRATION 
OF THE GETTYSBURGH CEMETERY, NOV. 19TH, 1863. 

(1) Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought 
forth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in lib- 
erty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are 
created equal. 

1. What is the principal declaration of this sentence? When did 
the main fact here mentioned occur ? Where did it occur ? What 
conceived in liberty ? What dedicated to the proposition t What is the 
proposition f 

Our; whose? This; what? Our; the singular? This; the 
plural? Meaning of score? Ago =agone=a-j-go+ne ; give the 
meaning of the parts. Brought ; from what primitive, how changed? 
Forth = fox +\k. Co7itine?it = con^r tin+ent. i\ r afo'0?i = nat+ion. Con- 
ceived = con-f ceiv-f ed. Liberty = liber+ty. Bedicated = de+dicat 
+ed. Proposition = pro-j-posit+ion. Give the meaning of the pre- 
ceding words and of the parts. Analyze years, our, fathers, upon, 
created, equal. 

Make a list of the primitive words in the sentence. Make a list of 
the derivative words. Of the prefixes. Of the suffixes. Of such 
roots as are not English words. How many, and what compound 
words in the sentence ? 

Transpose. Paraphrase ; making one sentence ; making two sen- 
tences ; making three sentences. 

(2) Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing 
whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so 
dedicated, can long endure. (3) We are met on a great 
battle-field of that war. 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 35 

2. What is the principal assertion in this sentence ? What ques- 
tion is found in it? Is the question single or double? Testing ; 
what? Who, testing '? We; who? That nation; what nation? So 
conceived; how? So dedicated ; how? 

Engaged = en-f gag-fed. Civil = civ+il. Endure = en-fdure. 
Transpose. Paraphrase ; making one sentence ; making two sen- 
tences. 

3. Battle-field = beit-{-\e and fell+ed ; f ell = a hill. That war; 
what war ? Are met ; give an equivalent form. What is are in are 
met ? What is met in are met f 

Transpose. Paraphrase. 

(4) We have come to dedicate a portion of that field 
as a final resting-place for those who here gave up their 
lives that that nation might live. (5) It is altogether 
fitting and proper that we should do this. 

4. What is the leading assertion ? What other assertions ? Have 
come; for what purpose ? To dedicate ; what? For what use? Gave 
up what ? For what purpose ? 

What is have in have ctme ? What is come in have come f What is 
might in might live f What is live in might live? That; the plural ? 
Those ; the singular ? Their ; the suffix ? Might ; the primitive ? 
How formed ? 

Transpose. Paraphrase. 

5. It ; what ? Fitting ; rule of spelling ? What is should in should 
do f What is do in should do f Should ; the primitive ? how formed ? 

Transpose. Paraphrase. 

(6) But in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we can- 
not consecrate, we cannot hallow, this ground. (7) The 
brave men, living and dead who struggled here, have 
consecrated it far above our power to add or detract. (8) 
The world will little note, nor long remember, what we 
say here ; but it can never forget what they did here. 
(9) It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to 
the unfinished work which they who fought here have 
thus far so nobly advanced. 

6. Read separately the assertions of this sentence. J3^ = be-fut. 
Consecrate = con-j-secrat. Hallow = hal+ow. 

Transpose. Paraphrase. 

7. Read separately the asertions of this sentence. Living ; rules 
of spelling? Dead ; primitive ? Struggled = stvug-\-\e-\-ed. Above 
=a-f be+ufan. Add=o.d+d. Detract = de-f-tract. 

Transpose. Paraphrase. 

8. Read separately the assertions in this sentence. {Remember 
= re+memor. Never = n+ever. Forget = for+get ; use of for in 
this word ? 

Transpose. Paraphrase. 



36 -4 DRILL BOOK IN THE 

9. Read separately the assertions of this sentence. It ; what ? 
Rather; degree? the primitive? Unfinished = un+lin+ish+ed. 
Nobly = no+ble+ly. Advanced = ab+ante+ed. 

Transpose. Paraphrase. 

(10) It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the 
great task remaining before us ; that from these honored 
dead, we take increased devotion to that cause for which 
they gave the last full measure of devotion ; that we here 
highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain ; 
that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of 
freedom ; and that government of the people, by the 
people, and for the people shall not perish from the 
earth. 

10. Read separately the assertions of this sentence. It ; what ? 
These; what? That cause; what cause? Remaining = B,e+m2im 
4-ing. Before = be+fore. Increased = m-\-cve8iS-{-ed. Devotion = de 
-j-vot+ion. Measure = meas+ure. Resolve =re+solv. Birth =bear 
-j-th. Freedom = fYee-\-dom. Government = govern-)- ment. Perish 
=per+i+ish. 

Transpose. Paraphrase. 

Make a list of the simple, primitive words found in this address. 
Make a list of the compound words found in the address, separating 
each into its component parts. Make a list of all the derivative words 
found in the address whose roots are not by themselves English 
words. Make a list of all the prefixes found in the address. Of all 
the suffixes. Give the meaning of the roots, of the prefixes, of the 
suffixes. 



SPRINGS, JEtlVEKS AND THE SEA. 

(1) Part of the water that falls down from the clouds 
runs away upon the surface of the earth into channels 
which convey it to the sea ; and part of it is imbibed 
in the spongy shell of the earth, from whence, sinking 
lower by degrees, it falls down into subterranean chan- 
nels, and so under ground passes into the sea ; or else, 
meeting with beds of rock or clay, it is hindered from 
sinking lower, and so breaks out in springs, which are 
most commonly in the sides, or at the bottom of hilly 
ground. 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 37 

(2) Springs make little rivulets ; these united make 
brooks; and those coming together make rivers, which 
empty themselves into the sea. 

(3) The sea is a great collection of waters in the deep 
valleys of the earth. (4) If the earth were all plain, and 
had not those deep hollows, the earth would be all 
covered with water ; because the water being lighter than 
the earth, would be above the earth, as the air is above 
the water. 

(5) The most remarkable thing in the sea is that 
motion of the water called tides. (6) It is a rising and 
falling of the water of the sea. 

(7) The cause of this is the attraction of the moon, 
whereby the part of the water in the great ocean, which 
is nearest the moon, being most strongly attracted, is 
raised higher than the rest ; and the part opposite to it 
on the contrary side, being least attracted, is also higher 
than the rest. (8) And these two opposite rises of the 
surface of the water in the great ocean, following the 
motion of the moon from east to west, and striking against 
the large coasts of the continents that lie in their way, 
from thence rebound back again, and so make floods 
and ebbs in narrow seas, and rivers remote from the great 
ocean. (9) Herein we also see the reason of the times 
of the tides, and why they so constantly follow the course 
of the moon. 



THE BOBOLINK. 

(1) The bobolink was due in this latitude on Tues- 
day, the 11th. (2) He did not make his appearance until 
Sunday, — tipsy with his rollicking music, that made one 
think the air was a vast bird-cage. (3) Wednesday's 
weather must have been the cause of his delay. (4) He 
had an eye out to what was coming, and refused to come 



38 A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

himself. (5) As his wife is a notoriously dilatory body 
on her journey, it was no great " put-out " to him, for he 
could have a few days longer to perfect his killing little 
suit of motley. (6) He might have thought the season 
gone by, had he landed in the meadows on Wednesday, 
and gone off to other latitudes. (7) But on Sunday he 
burst forth with the whole volume of his indescribable 
song ; rattling, crazy, tinkling, shivering, liquid melodies, 
that on a sudden set the brain of the listener to spinning 
with a confusion of delightful sounds and fresh-born 
sympathies. 

(8) The bobolink is here. (9) The air resounds with 
his resistless song. (10) Men become boys on hearing 
that riotous vocalism from their little friend of other 
days. (11) And the charmingly gay rascal himself, see- 
ing the tumult of emotion he has excited, chatters his 
musical recitative with a new glee, and breaks away with 
a fillip of melody ending with " Good-by — I'm off." 



ROBERT OF LINCOLN. 

(1) Merrily swinging on brier and weed, 

Near to the nest of his little dame, 
Over the mountain-side or mead, 

Robert of Lincoln is telling his name : 
Bob o'-link, bob-o'-link, 
Spink, spank, spink ; 
Snug and safe is that nest of ours, 
Hidden among the summer flowers. 

Chee, chee, chee. 

(2) Robert of Lincoln is gayly drest, 

Wearing a bright black wedding-coat ; 
White are his shoulders and white his crest, 
Hear him call in his merry note : 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 

Bob-o'-link, bob-o'-link, 

Spink, spank, spink ; 
Look, what a nice new coat is mine, 
Sure there was never a bird so fine. 

Chee, chee, chee. 

(3) Robert of Lincoln's Quaker wife, 

Pretty and quiet, with plain brown wings, 
Passing at home a patient life, 

Broods in the grass while her husband sing 
Bob-o'-link, bob-o'-link, 
Spink, spank, spink ; 
Brood, kind creature ; you need not fear 
Thieves and robbers while 1 am here. 

Chee, chee, chee. 

(4) Modest and shy as a nun is she ; 

One weak chirp is her only note. 
Braggart and prince of braggarts is he, 
Pouring boasts from his little throat ; 
Bob-o'-link, bob-o'-link, 
Spink, spank, spink ; 
Never was I afraid of man ; 
Catch me, cowardly knaves, if you can ! 

Chee, chee, chee. 

(5) Six white eggs on a bed of hay, 

Flecked with purple, a pretty sis;ht ! 
There as the mother sits all day, 

Robert is singing with all his might : 
Bob-o'-link, bob-o'-link, 
Spink, spank, spink ; 
Nice good wife, that never goes out, 
Keeping house while 1 frolic about. 

Chee, chee, chee. 

(6) Soon as the little ones chip the shell, 

Six wide mouths are open for food ; 
Robert of Lincoln bestirs him well, 
Gathering seeds for the hungry brood. 



40 A DRILL BOOK m THE 

Bob-o'-link, bob-o'-link, 

Spink, spank, spink ; 
This new life is likely to be 
Hard for a gay young fellow like me. 

Cliee, ehee, chee. 

(?) Robert of Lincoln at length is made 

Sober with work, and silent with care ; 
Off is his holiday garment laid, 
Half forgotten that merry air : 
Bob-o'-link, bob-o'-link, 
Spink, spank, spink; 
Nobody knows bat my mate and I 
Where our nest and our nestlings lie. 

Chee, chee, chee. 

(8) Summer wanes ; the children are grown ; 
Fun and frolic no more he knows ; 
Robert of Lincoln's a humdrum crone ; 
Off he flies, and we sing as he goes : 
Bob-o'-link, bob-o'-link 
Spink, spank, spink; 
When you can pipe that merry old strain, 
Robert of Lincoln, come back again. 

Chee, chee, chee. 



RIVERS. 

(1) All rivers, small or large, agree in one character ; 
they like to lean a little on one side ; they cannot bear to 
have their channels deepest in the middle, but will always, 
if they can, have one bank to sun themselves upon, and 
another to get cool under ; one shingly shore to play over, 
where they may be shallow r , and foolish, and childlike ; 
and another steep shore, under which they can pause and 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. ±\ 

purify themselves, and get their strength of waves fully 
together for due occasions. (2) Rivers in this way are 
just like wise men, who keep one side of their life for 
play, and another for work ; and can be brilliant, and 
chattering, and transparent when they are at ease, and 
yet take deep counsel on the other side when they set 
themselves to the main purpose. (3) And rivers are just 
in this divided, also, like wicked and good men ; the 
good rivers have serviceable deep places all along their 
banks that ships can sail in, but the wicked rivers go 
scoopingly, irregularly, under their banks until they get 
full of strangling eddies, which no boat can row over 
without being twisted against the rocks, and pools like 
wells which no one can get out of but the water-kelpie 
that lives at the bottom ; but, wicked or good, the rivers 
all agree in having two sides. 



THE BROOK. 

(1) I steal by lawns and grassy plots, 

I slide by hazel covers ; 
I move the sweet forget-me-nots 
That grow for happy lovers. 

(2) I slip, I slide, I gloom, I glance, 

Among my skimming swallows ; 
1 make the netted sunbeam dance 
Against my sandy shallows. 

(3) I murmur under moon and stars 

In brambly wildernesses ; 

I linger by my shingly bars ; 

I loiter round my cresses ; 

(4) And out again I curve and flow 

To join the brimming river, 
For men may come and men may go, 
But I go on forever. 



42 A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

A FABLE— Judges ix. : 8-15. 

(1) The trees went forth on a time to anoint a king 
over them ; and they said unto the olive tree, Reign thou 
over us. (2) But the olive tree said unto them, Should 
I leave my fatness, wherewith by me they honor God and 
man, and go to be promoted over the trees ? (3) And 
the trees said to the fig tree, Come thou, and reign over 
us. (4) But the fig tree said unto them, Should I for- 
sake my sweetness, and my good fruit, and go to be pro- 
moted over the trees. (5) Then said the trees unto the 
vine, Come thou, and reign over us. (6) And the vine 
said unto them, Should I leave my wine, which cheereth 
God and man, and go to be promoted over the trees ? 
(7) Then said all the trees unto the bramble, Come thou, 
and reign over us. (8) And the bramble said unto the 
trees, If in truth ye anoint me king over you, then come 
and put your trust in my shadow ; and if not, let fire 
come out of the bramble, and devour the cedars of Leb- 
anon. 



THE SOURCES OF THE NILE. 

(1) It would at first sight appear that the discovery of 
the lake sources of the Nile had completely solved the 
mystery of ages, and that the fertility of Egypt depended 
upon the rainfall of the equator, concentrated in the lakes 
Victoria and Albert; but the exploration of the Nile 
tributaries of Abyssinia divides the Nile system into two 
proportions, and unravels the entire mystery of the river, 
by assigning to each its due share in ministering to the 
prosperity of Egypt. 

(2) The lake-sources of Central Africa support the life 
of Egypt, by supplying a stream, throughout all seasons, 
that has sufficient volume to support the exhaustion of 
evaporation and absorption ; but this stream, if unaided, 
could never overflow its banks, and Egypt, thus deprived 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 43 

of the annual inundation, would simply exist, and culti- 
vation would be confined to the close vicinity of the river. 

(3) The inundation, which by its annual deposit of mud 
has actually created the Delta of Lower Egypt, upon the 
overflow of which the fertility of Egypt depends, lias an 
origin entirely separate from the lake-sources of Central 
Africa, and the supply of water is derived exclusively 
from Abyssinia. 

(4) The two grand affluents of Abyssinia are the Blue 
Nile, and the Atbara, which join the main stream respec- 
tively in N. lat. 15° 30 !■ and 17° 37 '. (5) These rivers, 
although streams of extreme grandeur during the period 
of the Abyssinian rains — from the middle of June until 
September — are reduced during the dry months to utter 
insignificance; the Blue Nile becoming so shallow as to 
be unnavigable, and the Atbara perfectly dry. (6) At 
that time, the water supply of Abyssinia having ceased, 
Egypt depends solely upon the equatorial lakes, and the 
affluents of the White Nile, until the rainy season shall 
have again flooded the two great Abyssinian arteries. 
(7) That flood occurs suddenly about the 20th of June, 
and the grand rush of water, pouring down the Blue Nile 
and the Atbara into the parent channel, inundates Lower 
Egypt, and is the cause of its extreme fertility. 

(8) Not only is the inundation the effect of the Abys- 
sinian rains, but the deposit of mud that has formed the 
Delta, and which is annually precipitated by the rising 
waters, is also due to the Abyssinian streams, more 
especially to the river Atbara, which, known as the Bahr el 
Aswat (Black River), carries a larger proportion of soil 
than any other tributary of the Nile; therefore, to the 
Atbara, above all other rivers, must the wealth and fer- 
tility of Egypt be attributed. (9) It may thus be stated : 
The equatorial lakes feed Egypt, but the Abyssinian 
rivers cause the inundation. 



44: A DBILL BOOK IN~ THE 

USE PLAIN LANGUAGE. 

(1) What do you say ? (2) What ? (3) I really do 
not understand you. (4) Be so good as to explain your- 
self again. (5) Upon my word, I do not ! (6) O ! now 
I know : you mean to tell me it is a cold day. (7) Why 
did you not say at once, " It is cold to-day ? " (8) If 
you wish to inform me it rains or snows, pray say, " It 
rains," " It snows ;" or, if you think I look well, and you 
choose to compliment me, say, " I think you look well." 
(9) "But," you answer, u that is so common and so plain, 
and what everybody can say." (10) Well, and what if 
everybody can ? (11) Is it so great a misfortune to be 
understood when one speaks, and to speak like the rest 
of the world ? 

(12) I will tell you what, my friend — you do not sus- 
pect it, and I shall astonish you — -but you, and those like 
you, want common sense ! (13) Nay, this is not all ; it 
is not only in the direction of your wants that you are in 
fault, but in your superfluities ; you have too much con- 
ceit ; you possess an opinion that you have more sense 
than others. (14) That is the source of all your pomp- 
ous nothings, your cloudy sentences, and your big words 
without meaning. (15) Before you accost a person, or 
enter a room, let me pull you by the sleeve and whisper 
into your ear, " Do not try to show off your sense : have 
none at all ; that is your cue. (16) Use plain language, 
if you can ; just such as you find others use, who, in your 
idea, have no understanding ; and then, perhaps, you will 
get credit for having some." 



THE WINTER PALACE OF ICE. 

(1) Down swept the chill wind from the mountain peak, 
From the snow five thousand summers old ; 
On open wold and hill top bleak 
It had gathered all the cold, 
And whirled it like sleet on the wanderer's cheek ; 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 45 

It carried a shiver everywhere 
From the unleafed boughs and pastures bare ; 
The little brook heard it and built a roof, 
'Neath which he could house him, winter-proof ; 

(2) All night by the white stars' frosty gleams 
He groined his arches and matched his beams ; 
Slender and clear were his crystal spars 

As the lashes of light that trim the stars ; 
He sculptured every summer delight 
In his halls and chambers out of sight; 
Sometimes his tinkling waters slipped 
Down through a frost-leaved forest-crypt, 
Long, sparkling aisles of steel-stemmed trees 
Bending to counterfeit a breeze ; 

(3) Sometimes the roof no fretwork knew 
But silvery mosses that downward grew ; 
Sometimes it was carved in sharp relief 
With quaint arabesques of ice-fern leaf ; 
Sometimes it was simply smooth and clear, 

For the gladness of heaven to shine through, and 

here 
He had caught the nodding bulrush-tops 
And hung them thickly with diamond drops, 
That crystalled the beams of moon and sun, 
And made a star of every one ; 

(4) No mortal builder's most rare device 
Could match this winter-palace of ice ; 
'Twas as if every image that mirrored lay 

In his depths serene through the summer day, 
Each fleeting shadow of earth and sky, 
Lest the happy model should be lost, 
Had been mimicked in fairy masonry 
By the elfin builders of the frost. 



46 A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

THE BUGLE SONG. 

(1) The splendor falls on castle walls 

And snowy summits old in story : 
The long light shakes across the lakes 

And the wild cataract leaps in glory. 
Blow, bugle, blow, set the wild echoes flying, 
Blow, bugle ; answer, echoes, dying, dying, dying. 

(2) O hark, O hear ! how thin and clear, 

And thinner, clearer, farther going ! 
O sweet and far from cliff and scar 

The horns of Elfland faintly blowing ! 
Blow, let us hear the purple glens replying : 
Blow, bugle ; answer, echoes, dying, dying, dying. 

(3) O love, they die in yon rich sky, 

They faint on hill or field or river : 
Our echoes roll from soul to soul, 

And grow forever and forever. 
Blow, bugle, blow, set the wild echoes flying, 
And answer, echoes, answer, dying, dying, dying. 



A NOBLE REVENGE. 

(1) Here is Dr. Percival's story, which (again I warn 
you) will collapse into nothing at all, unless you yourself 
are able to dilate it by expansive sympathy with its senti- 
ments. 

(2) A young officer (in what army, no matter), had so 
far forgotten himself in a moment of irritation, as to strike 
a private soldier, full of personal dignity (as sometimes 
happens in all ranks), and distinguished for his courage. 
(3) The inexorable laws of military discipline forbade to 
the injured soldier any practical redress — he could look 
for no retaliation by acts. (4) Words only were at his 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLLSH. 47 

command; and, in a tumult of indignation, as he turned 
away, the soldier said to his officer that he would " make 
him repent it." (5) This wearing the shape of a menace, 
naturally rekindled his officer's anger, and intercepted 
any disposition which might be rising within him towards a 
sentiment of remorse, and thus the irritation between the 
two young men grew hotter than before. (6) Some weeks 
after this, a partial action took place with the enemy. 
(7) Suppose yourself a spectator, looking down into a 
valley occupied by the two armies. (8) They are facing- 
each other, you see, in martial array. (9) But it is no 
more than a skirmish that is going on ; in the course of 
which, however, an occasion suddenly arises for a desper- 
ate service. (10) A redoubt, which has fallen into the 
enemy's hands, must be recaptured at any price, and under 
circumstances of all but hopeless difficulty. (11) A 
strong party has volunteered for the service ; there is a 
cry for somebody to head them : you see a soldier step 
out from the ranks to assume the dangerous leadership ; 
the party moves rapidly forward ; in a few minutes it is 
swallowed up from your eyes in clouds of smoke; for 
one half hour, from behind these clouds, you receive hiero- 
glyphic reports of bloody strife — fierce repeating signals, 
flashes from the guns, rolling musketry, and exulting 
hurrahs advancing or receding, slackening or redoubling. 
(12) At length all is over ; the redoubt has been recov- 
ered ; that which was lost is found again ; the jewel 
which had been made captive has been ransomed with 
blood. (13) Crimsoned with glorious gore, the wreck of 
the conquering party is relieved, and at liberty to return. 
(14) From the river you see it ascending. (15) The 
plume-crested officer in command rushes forward, with 
his left hand raising his hat in homage to the blackened 
fragments of what once was a flag, whilst, with his right 
hand, he seizes that of the leader, though no more than 
a private from the ranks. (16) That perplexes you not ; 
mystery you see none in that! (L7) For distinctions of 
order perish, ranks are confounded, u high and low " are 
words without a meaning, and to wreck goes every notion 



48 A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

or feeling that divides the noble from. the noble, or the 
brave from the brave. (18) But wherefore is it that now, 
when suddenly they wheel into mutual recognition, sud- 
denly they pause ? (19) This soldier, this officer — who 
are they ? (20) O reader ! Once before they had stood 
face to face — the soldier it is that was struck ; the officer 
it is that struck him. (21) Once again they are meeting ; 
and the gaze of armies is upon them. (22) If for a 
moment a doubt divides them, in a moment the doubt 
has perished. (23) One glance exchanged between them 
publishes the forgiveness that is sealed forever. (24) As 
one who recovers a brother whom he has accounted dead, 
the officer sprang forward, threw his arms around the 
neck of the soldier, and kissed him, as if he were some 
martyr glorified by that shadow of death from which he 
was returning ; whilst, on his part, the soldier, stepping 
back, and carrying his open hand through the beautiful 
motions of the military salute to a superior, makes this 
immortal answer — that answer which shut up forever the 
memory of the indignity offered to him, even whilst for 
the last time alluding to it: "Sir," he said, " I told you 
before that I would make you repent it? 



THE VISION OF MIRZA. 

The cloud, which, intercepting the clear light, 

Hangs o'er the eyes, and blunts thy mortal sight, 

I will remove. 

When I was at Grand Cairo, I picked up several Oriental manu- 
scripts, which I have still by me. Among others, I met with one 
entitled " The Visions of Mirza," which I have read over with great 
pleasure. I intend to give it to the public when I have no other 
entertainment for them ; and shall begin with the first vision, which 
I have translated word for word, as follows : 

(1) On the fifth day of the moon, which, according to 
the custom of my forefathers, I always keep holy, after 
having washed myself, and offered up my morning devo- 
tions, I ascended the high hills of Bagdat, in order to 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 49 

pass the rest of the day in meditation and prayer. (2) 
As I was here airing myself on the tops of the mountains, 
I fell into a profound contemplation on the vanity of 
human life ; and, passing from one thought to another, 
" Surely," said 1, " man is but a shadow and life a 
dream." 

(3) While I was thus musing, I cast my eyes toward 
the summit of a rock that was not far from me, where I 
discovered one in the habit of a shepherd, with a musical 
instrument in his hand. (4) As I looked upon him, he 
applied it to his lips, and began to play upon it. (5) 
The sound of it was exceeding sweet, and wrought into a 
variety of tunes that were inexpressibly melodious, and 
altogether different from anything I had ever heard. (0) 
They put me in mind of those heavenly airs that are 
played to the departed souls of good men upon their first 
arrival in Paradise, to wear out the impression of the last 
agonies, and qualify them for the pleasures of that happy 
place. 

(7) My heart melted away in secret rapture. (8) I 
had been often told that the rock before me was the haunt 
of a Genius, and that several had been entertained with 
music, who had passed by it, but never heard that the 
musician had before made himself visible. (9) When he 
had raised my thoughts, by those transporting airs which 
he played, to taste the pleasure of his conversation, as 1 
looked upon him like one astonished, he beckoned to me, 
and by the waving of his hand, directed me to approach 
the place where he sat. 

(10) I drew near with that reverence which is due to a 
superior nature ; and, as my heart was entirely subdued 
by the captivating strains I had heard, I fell down at his 
feet and wept. (11) The Genius smiled upon me with a 
look of compassion and affability that familiarized him to 
my imagination, and at once dispelled all the fears and 
apprehensions with which I approached him. (12) He 
lifted me from the ground, and, taking me by the hand, 
" Mirza," said he, " I have heard thee in thy soliloquies ; 
follow me. 

(4) 



50 -4 DRILL BOOK IN THE 

(13) He then led me to the highest pinnacle of the 
rock, and, placing me on the top of it, " Cast thy eyes 
eastward," said he, " and tell me what thou seest." (14) 
" I see," said I, " a huge valley, and a prodigious tide of 
water rolling through it." (15) " The valley that thou 
seest," said he, " is the valley of misery, and the tide of 
water that thou seest is part of the great tide of eternity." 
(16) " What is the reason," said I, " that the tide I see 
rises out of a thick mist at one end, and again loses itself 
in a thick mist at the other ?" 

(17) " What thou seest," said he, " is that portion of 
eternity which is called time, measured out by the sun, 
and reaching from the beginning of the world to its con- 
summation. (18) Examine now," said he, "this sea, that 
is thus bounded with darkness at both ends, and tell me 
what thou discoverest in it." (19) " I see a bridge," said 
I, "standing in the midst of the tide." (20) " The bridge 
thou seest," said he, "is human life: consider it atten- 
tively." (21) Upon a more leisurely survey of it, I 
found that it consisted of three-score and ten entire arches, 
with several broken arches, which, added to those that 
were entire, made up the number about a hundred. 

(22) As 1 was counting the arches, the Genius told me 
that this bridge consisted at first of a thousand arches, 
but that a great flood swept away the rest, and left the 
bridge in the ruinous condition I now beheld it. (23) 
" But tell me farther," said he, " what thou discoverest 
on it." (24) " I see multitudes of people passing over 
it," said I, " and a black cloud hanging on each end of it." 

(25) As I looked more attentively, I saw several of the 
passengers dropping through the bridge into the great 
tide that flowed underneath it; and, upon farther exam- 
ination, perceived there were innumerable trap-doors that 
lay concealed in the bridge, which the passengers no 
sooner trod upon than they fell through them into the 
tide, and immediately disappeared. (26) These hidden 
pitfalls were set very thick at the entrance of the bridge, 
so that throngs of people no sooner broke through the 
cloud than many of them fell into them. (27) They 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 51 

grew thinner toward the middle, but multiplied and lay- 
closer together toward the end of the arches that were 
entire. 

(28) There were, indeed, some persons, but their num- 
ber was very small, that continued a kind of hobbling 
march on the broken arches, but fell through, one after 
another, being quite tired and spent with so long a walk. 
(29) I passed some time in the contemplation of this 
wonderful structure, and the great variety of objects 
which it presented. 

(30) My heart was filled with deep melancholy to see 
several dropping, unexpectedly, in the midst of mirth and 
jollity, and catching by everything that stood by them to 
save themselves. (31) Some were looking up toward the 
heavens in a thoughtful posture, and, in the midst of a 
speculation, stumbled and fell out of sight. (32) Multi- 
tudes were very busy in the pursuit of bubbles that glit- 
tered in their eyes and danced before them ; but often 
when they thought themselves within the reach of them, 
their footing failed, and down they sunk. 

(34) In this confusion of objects, I observed some with 
cimeters in their hands, and others with lancets, who ran 
to and fro upon the bridge, thrusting several persons on 
trap-doors which did not seem to lie in their way, and 
which they might have escaped had they not been thus 
forced upon them. 

(35) The Genius, seeing me indulge myself in this 
melancholy prospect, told me I had dwelt long enough 
upon it. (36) " Take thine eyes off the bridge," said he, 
" and tell me if thou yet seest anything thou dost not 
comprehend." (37) Upon looking up, " What mean," 
said I, " those great flights of birds that are perpetually 
hovering about the bridge, and settling upon it from time 
to time ? (38) I see vultures, harpies, ravens, cormo- 
rants, and, among many other feathered creatures, several 
little winged boys, that perch in great numbers upon the 
middle arches." 

(39) " These," said the Genius, " are envy, avarice, 
superstition, despair, love, with the like cares and passions 



52 ^ DRILL BOOK IN THE 

that infest human life." (40) I here fetched a deep 
sigh. (41) " Alas ! " said I, " man was made in vain ! 
how is he given away to misery and mortality ! tortured 
in life, and swallowed up in death ! " (42) The Genius, 
being moved with compassion toward me, bid me quit so 
uncomfortable a prospect. (43) " Look no more," said 
he, " on man in the first stage of his existence, in his set- 
ting out for eternity, but cast thine eye on that thick 
mist, into which the tide bears the several generations of 
mortals that fall into it." 

(44) I directed my sight as ordered, and, whether or 
no the good Genius strengthened it with any supernatural 
force, or dissipated part of the mist, that was before too 
thick for the eye to penetrate, I saw the valley opening 
at the farther end, and spreading forth into an immense 
ocean, that had a huge rock of adamant running through 
the midst of it, and dividing it into two equal parts. (45) 
The clouds still rested on one half of it, insomuch that I 
could discover nothing in it ; but the other appeared to 
me a vast ocean, planted with innumerable islands, that 
were covered with fruits and flowers and interwoven with 
a thousand little shining seas, that ran among them. 

(46) I could see persons dressed in glorious habits, with 
garlands upon their heads, passing among the trees, lying 
down by the sides of fountains, or resting on beds of 
flowers ; and could hear a confused harmony of singing 
birds, falling water, human voices, and musical instru- 
ments. (47) Gladness grew in me upon the discovery of 
so delightful a scene. (48) I wished for the wings of an 
eagle, that I might fly away to those happy seats ; but the 
Genius told me there was no passage to them except 
through the gates of death, that I saw opening every 
moment upon the bridge. 

(49) " The islands," said he, " that lie so fresh and 
green before thee, and with which the whole face of the 
ocean appears spotted, as far as thou canst see, are more 
in number than the sands on the sea-shore. 

(50) There are myriads of islands behind those which 
thou here discoverest, reaching farther than thine eye or 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 53 

even thine imagination can extend itself. (51) These are 
the mansions of good men after death, who, according to 
the degrees and kinds of virtue in which they excelled, 
are distributed among these several islands, which abound 
with pleasures of different kinds and degrees, suitable to 
the" relishes and perfections of those who are settled in 
them. (52) Every island is a paradise accommodated to 
its respective inhabitants. 

(53) u Are not these, oh Mirza, habitations worth con- 
tending for ? (54) Does life appear miserable, that gives 
thee opportunities of earning such a reward ? (55) Is 
death to be feared, that will convey thee to so happy an 
existence ? (56) Think not man was made in vain, who 
has such an eternity reserved for him." (57) I gazed 
with inexpressible pleasure on those happy islands. (58) 
" At length," said I, " show me now, I beseech thee, the 
secrets that lie under those dark clouds that cover the 
ocean on the other side of the rock of adamant." 

(59) The Genius making me no answer, I turned about 
to address myself to him a second time, but I found that 
he had left me. (60) I then turned again to the vision 
which I had been so long contemplating ; but, instead of 
the rolling tide, the arched bridge, and the happy islands, 
I saw nothing but the long hollow valley of Bagdat, with 
oxen, sheep, and camels grazing upon the sides of it. 



THE LADY OF SHALOTT. 



PART I. 



(1) On either side the river lie 

Long fields of barley and of rye, 
That clothe the wold and meet the sky ; 
And thro' the field the road runs by 
To many-towered Camelot ; 



54 A DBILL BOOK IN THE 

And up and down the people go, 
Gazing where the lilies blow, 
'Round an island there below, 
The Island of Shalott. 

(2) Willows whiten, aspens quiver, 
Little breezes dusk and shiver 
Thro' the wave that runs forever, 
By the island in the river, 

Flowing down to Camelot. 
Four gray walls and four gray towers, 
Overlook a space of flowers, 
And the silent isle embowers 

The lady of Shalott. 

(3) By the margin, willow-veil'd, 
Slide the heavy barges, trail'd 
By slow horses; and unhail'd 
The shallop flitteth, silken-sail'd, 

Skimming down to Camelot ; 
But who hath seen her wave her hand ? 
Or at the casement seen her stand ? 
Or is she known in all the land, 

The lady of Shalott ? 

(4) Only reapers, reaping early 
In among the bearded barley, 
Hear a song that echoes cheerly, 
From the river winding clearly, 

Down to towered Camelot : 
And by the moon, the reaper weary, 
Piling sheaves in upland airy, 
Listening, whispers, " 'Tis the fairy 

Lady of Shalott." 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 55 

TO SENECA LAKE. 

(1) On thy fair bosom, silver lake, 

The wild swan spreads his snowy sail, 
And round his breast the ripples break, 
As down he bears before the gale. 

(2) On thy fair bosom, waveless stream, 

The dipping paddle echoes far, 
And flashes in the moonlight gleam, 
And bright reflects the polar star. 

(3) The waves along thy pebbly shore, 

As blows the north wind, heave their foam, 
And curl around the dashing oar, 
As late the boatman hies him home. 

(4) How sweet, at set of sun, to view 

The golden mirror, spreading wide, 
And see the mist of mantling blue 

Float round the distant mountain's side ! 

(5) At midnight hour, as shines the moon, 

A sheet of silver spreads below ; 
And swift she cuts, at highest noon, 

Light clouds, like wreaths of purest snow. 

(6) On thy fair bosom, silver lake, 

O ! I could ever sweep the oar, 
When early birds at morning wake, 
And evening tells us toil is o'er. 



56 A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

WINTER 

(1) Ah ! Winter, calm thy cruel rage, 

Kelease the struggling year ; 
Thy power is past, decrepit sage, 
Arise and disappear. 

(2) The stars that graced thy splendid night, 

Are lost in warmer rays ; 
The sun, rejoicing in his might, 
Unrolls celestial days. 

(3) Then why, usurping winter, why 

Still flags thy frozen wing ? 
Fly, unrelenting tyrant, fly — 
And yield the year to Spring. 



SOW THr SEED. 

(1) Sow in the morn thy seed ; 

At eve hold not thy hand ; 
To doubt and fear give thou no heed, 
Broadcast it o'er the land. 

(2) Beside all waters sow, 

The highway furrows stock, 
Drop it where thorns and thistles grow, 
Scatter it on the rock. 

(3) The good, the fruitful ground, 

Expect not here nor there ; 
O'er hill and dale, by plots, 'tis found ; 
Go forth, then, everywhere. 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 57 

(4) And duly shall appear, 

In verdure, beauty, strength, 
The tender blade, the stalk, the ear, 
And the full corn at length. 

(5) Thou can'st not toil in vain ; 

Cold, heat and moist and dry, 
Shall foster and mature the grain 
For garners in the sky. 



DECLARE HIS PRAISE. 

(1) To your Creator, God, 

Your great Preserver, raise, 
Ye creatures of his hand ! 

Your highest notes of praise : 
Let every voice proclaim His power, 
His name adore, and loud rejoice. 

(2) Let every creature join 

To celebrate His name, 
And all their various powers 

Assist the exalted theme : 
Let nature raise, from every tongue 
A general song of grateful praise. 

(3) But oh ! from human tongues 

Should nobler praises flow ; 
And every thankful heart 

With warm devotion glow ;• 
Your voices raise above the rest ; 
Ye highly blest ! declare His praise. 



58 A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

HE SENDS HIS ANGELS. 

(1) And is there care in heaven ? And is there love 
In heavenly spirits to these creatures bace, 
That may compassion of their evils move ? 

There is : — else much more wretched were the cace 

Of men than beasts : but O ! th ? exceeding grace 

Of highest God, that loves his creatures so, 

And all His works with mercy doth embrace, 

That blessed angels sends He to and fro, 

To serve to wicked man, to serve his wicked foe ! 

(2) How oft do they their silver bowers leave 
To come to succor us that succor want ! 
How oft do they with golden pinions cleave 
The flitting skies, like flying pursuivant, 
Against fowle fiends, to ayd us militant ! 
They for us fight, they watch and dewly ward, 
And their bright squadrons round about us plant ; 
And all for love, and nothing for reward : 

O, Why should Heavenly God to men have such 
regard ! 



NOTHING WILL DIE. 

(1) When will the stream be aweary of flowing 

Under my eye ? 
When will the wind be aweary of blowing 

Over the sky ? 
When will the clouds be aweary of fleeting ? 
When will the heart be aweary of beating ? 

And nature die ? 
Never, oh ! never, nothing will die; 

The stream flows, 

The wind blows, 

The cloud fleets, 

The heart beats, 
Nothing will die. 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 59 

(2) Nothing will die ; 

All things will change 
Through eternity. 

"lis the world's winter ; 
Autumn and summer 
Are gone long ago. 
Earth is dry to the center, 

But spring a new comer — 
A spring rich and strange, 

Shall make the winds blow 
Hound and round, 

Through and through, 
Here and there, 
Till the air 
And the ground 
Shall be tilled with life anew. 
The world was never made ; 
It will change, but it will not fade. 
So let the wind range ; 
For even and morn 
Ever will be 
Through eternity. 
Nothing was born ; 
Nothing will die ; 
All things will change. 



ALL THINGS WILL DIE. 

(1) Clearly the blue river chimes in its flowing 
Under my eye ; 
Warmly and broadly the south winds are blowing 

Over the sky. 
One after another the white clouds are fleeting ; 
Every heart this Maymorning in joyance is beating 
Full merrily ; 
Yet all things must die. 



<50 A DRILL BOOK IN. THE 

The stream will cease to flow ; 
The wind will cease to blow ; 
The clouds will cease to fleet ; 
The heart will cease to beat ; 
For all things must die. 

(2) All things must die. 

Spring will come never more. 

Oh ! vanity ! 
Death waits at the door. 
See ! our friends are all forsaking 
The wine and merrymaking. 
We are called — we mast go. 
Laid low, very low, 
In the dark we must lie. 
The merry glees are still ; 

The voice of the bird 

Shall no more be heard, 
Nor the wind on the hill. 
Oh ! misery ! 

Hark ! death is calling 

While I speak to ye, 

The jaw is falling, 

The red cheek paling, 

The strong limbs failing ; 

Ice with the warm blood mixing ; 

The eyeballs fixing. 

Nine times goes the passing bell : 

Ye merry souls, farewell. 

(3) The old earth 

Had a birth, 

As all men know 

Long ago. 
And the old earth must die. 
So let the warm winds range, 
And the blue wave beat the shore ; 
For even and morn 
Ye will never see 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 61 

Through eternity. 
All things were born. 
Te will come never more, 
For all things must die. 



(1) Break, break, break, 

On thy cold, gray stones, O Sea! 
And I w r ould that my tongue could utter 
The thoughts that arise in me. 

(2) O, well for the fisherman's boy, 

That he shouts with his sister at play ! 
O, well for the sailor lad, 

That he sings in his boat on the bay ! 

(3) And the stately ships go on 

To their haven under the hill ; 
But O for the touch of a vanish'd hand, 
And the sound of a voice that is still I 

(4) Break, break, break, 

At the foot of thy crags, O Sea ! 
But the tender grace of a day that is dead 
Will never come back to me. 



THE JOURNEY OF A DAY. 

The cheerful sage, when solemn dictates fail, 
Conceals the moral counsel in a tale. 

(1) Obidah, the son of Abensina, left the caravansera 
early in the morning, and pursued his journey through 
the plains of Indostan. (2) He was fresh and vigorous- 
with rest ; he was animated with hope ; he was incited 
by desire ; he walked swiftly forward over the valleys, 



62 A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

and saw the hills gradually rising before him. (3) As he 
passed along, his ears were delighted with the morning 
song of the bird of paradise, he was fanned by the last 
flutters of the sinking breeze, and sprinkled with dew by 
groves of spices ; he sometimes contemplated the tow- 
ering height of the oak, monarch of the hills ; and some- 
times caught the gentle fragrance of the primrose, eldest 
daughter of the spring ; all his senses were gratified, and 
all care was banished from his heart. 

(4) Thus he went on till the sun approached his 
meridian, and the increasing heat preyed upon his 
strength ; he then looked round about him for some more 
commodious path. (5) He saw, on his right hand, a 
grove that seemed to wave its shades as a sign of invita- 
tion ; he entered it, and found the coolness and verdure 
irresistibly pleasant. (6) He did not, however, forget 
whither he was traveling, but found a narrow way bor- 
dered with flowers, which appeared to have the same 
direction with the main road, and was pleased that by 
this happy experiment, he had found means to unite 
pleasure with business, and to gain the rewards of dili- 
gence without suffering its fatigues. (7) He, therefore, 
still continued to walk for a time, without the least remis- 
sion of his ardor, except that he was sometimes tempted 
to stop by the music of the birds, whom the heat had 
assembled in the shade ; and sometimes amused himself 
with plucking the flowers that covered the banks on 
either side, or the fruits that hung upon the branches. 
(8) At last the green path began to decline from its first 
tendency, and to wind among hills and thickets, cooled 
with fountains, and murmuring with waterfalls. (9) 
Here Obidah paused for a time, and began to consider 
whether it were longer safe to forsake the known and 
common track ; but remembering that the heat was now 
in its greatest violence, and that the plain was dusty and 
uneven, he resolved to pursue the new path, which he 
supposed only to make a few meanders, in compliance 
with the varieties of the ground, and to end at last in 
the common road. 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 63 

(10) Having thus calmed his solicitude, he renewed 
his pace, though he suspected that he was not gaining 
ground. (11) This uneasiness of his mind inclined him 
to lay hold on every new object, and give way to every 
sensation that might soothe or divert him. (12) He lis- 
tened to every echo, he mounted every hill for a fresh 
prospect, he turned aside to every cascade, and pleased 
himself with tracing the course of a gentle river that 
rolled among the trees, and watered a large region with 
innumerable circumvolutions. (13) In these amusements 
the hours passed away uncounted ; his deviations had 
perplexed his memory, he knew not towards what point 
to travel. (14) He stood pensive and confused, afraid to 
go forward lest he should go wrong, yet conscious that 
the time of loitering was now past. (15) While he was 
thus tortured with uncertainty, the sky was overspread 
with clouds, the day vanished from before him, and a 
sudden tempest gathered round his head. (16) He was 
roused by his danger to a quick and painful remembrance 
of his folly : he now saw how happiness is lost when ease 
is consulted ; he lamented the unmanly impatience that 
prompted him to seek shelter in a grove, and despised 
the petty curiosity that led him on from trifle to trifle. 
(17) While he was thus reflecting the air grew blacker, 
and a clap of thunder broke his meditation. 

(18) He now resolved to do what yet remained in his 
power, to tread back the ground which he had passed, 
and try to find some issue where the wood might open 
into the plain. (19) He prostrated himself on the 
ground, and commended his life to the Lord of nature. 
(20) He rose with confidence and tranquility, and pressed 
on with his saber in his hand, for the beasts of the desert 
were in motion, and on every hand w T ere heard the 
mingled howls of rage and fear, and ravage and expira- 
tion ; all the horrors of darkness and solitude surrounded 
him : the winds roared in the woods, and the torrents 
tumbled from the hills, 

Worked into sudden rage by wintry showers, 
Down the steep hill the roaring torrent pours ; 
The mountain shepherd hears the distant noise. 



64 A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

(21) Thus forlorn and distressed, he wandered through 
the wild, without knowing whither he was going, or 
whether he was every moment drawing nearer to safety 
or to destruction. (22) At length, not fear, but labor 
began to overcome him ; his breath grew short, and his 
knees trembled, and he was on the point of lying down 
in resignation to his fate, when lie beheld through the 
brambles the glimmer of a taper. (23) He advanced 
towards the light, and finding that it proceeded from the 
cottage of a hermit, he called humbly at the door, and 
obtained admission. (24) The old man set before him 
such provisions as he had collected for himself, on which 
Obidah fed with eagerness and gratitude. 

(25) When the repast was over, " Tell me," said the 
hermit, u by what chance thou hast been brought hither ; 
I have been now twenty years an inhabitant of the wil- 
derness, in which I never saw a man before." (26) Obi- 
dah then related the occurrences of his journey without 
any concealment or palliation. 

(27) " Son," said the hermit, " let the errors and fol- 
lies, the dangers and escape, of this day, sink deep into 
thy heart. (28) Remember, my son, that human life is 
the journey of a day. (29) We rise in the morning of 
youth, full of vigor and full of expectation ; we set for- 
ward with spirit and hope, with gayety and diligence, and 
travel on awhile in the straight road of piety, towards the 
mansions of rest. (30) In a short time we remit our fer- 
vor, and endeavor to find some mitigation of our duty, 
and some more easy means of obtaining the same end. 
(31) We then relax our vigor, and resolve no longer to 
be terrified with crimes at a distance, but rely upon our 
own constancy, and venture to approach what we resolve 
never to touch. (32) We thus enter the bowers of ease, 
and repose in the shades of security. (33) Here the 
heart softens, and vigilance subsides ; we are then willing 
to inquire whether another advance cannot be made, and 
whether we may not, at least, turn our eyes upon the gar- 
dens of pleasure. (34) We approach them with scruple 
and hesitation ; we enter them, but enter timorous and 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 65 

trembling, and always hope to pass through them without 
losing the road of virtue, which we for a while keep in 
our sight, and to which we propose to return. (35) But 
temptation succeeds temptation, and one compliance pre- 
pares us for another ; we in time lose the happiness of inno- 
cence, and solace our disquiet with sensual gratifications. 
(36) By degrees we let fall the remembrance of our origi- 
nal intention, and quit the only adequate object of 
rational desire. (37) We entangle ourselves in business, 
immerge ourselves in luxury, and rove through the laby- 
rinths of inconstancy, till old age begins to invade us, and 
disease and anxiety obstruct our way. (38) We then 
look back upon our lives with horror, with sorrow, with 
repentance ; and wish, but too often vainly wish, that we 
had not forsaken the w T ays of virtue. (39) Happy are 
they, my son, who shall learn from thy example not to 
despair, but shall remember, that though the day is past, 
and their strength is wasted, there yet remains one effort 
to be made; that reformation is never hopeless, nor sin- 
cere endeavors ever unassisted ; that the wanderer may 
at length return after all his errors, and that he who 
implores strength and courage from above, shall find dan- 
ger and difficulty give way before him. (40) Go now, 
my son, to thy repose, commit thyself to the care of 
Omnipotence, and when the morning calls again to toil, 
begin anew thy journey and thy life." 



THE BELLS OF SHANDON. 

(1) With deep affection 
And recollection 
I often think of 
Those Shandon bells, 
Whose sounds so wild would, 
In the days of childhood, 
Fling round my cradle 
Their magic spells. 



(5) 



66 A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

(2) On this I ponder 
Where'er I wander, 
And thus grow fonder, 
Sweet Cork, of thee — 
With thy bells of Shandon, 
That sound so grand on 
The pleasant waters 

Of the river Lee. 

(3) IVe heard bells chiming 
Full many a clime in, 
Tolling sublime in 
Cathedral shrine, 
While at a glibe rate 

Brass tongues would vibrate ; 
But all their music 
Spoke naught like thine. 

(4) For memory, dwelling 
On each proud swelling 
Of thy belfry, knelling 
Its bold notes free, 

Made the bells of Shandon 
Sound far more grand on 
The pleasant waters 
Of the river Lee. 

(5) I've heard bells tolling 
Old Adrian's Mole in, 
Their thunder rolling 
From the Vatican — 
And cymbals glorious 
Swinging uproarious 
In the gorgeous turrets 
Of Notre Dame. 

(6) But thy sounds were sweeter 
Than the dome of Beter 
Flings o'er the Tiber, 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. q» 

Pealing solemnly. 
Oli ! the bells of Shandon 
Sound far more grand on 
The pleasant waters 
Of the river Lee. 

(7) There's a bell in Moscow ; 
While on tower and kiosk oh 
In Saint Sophia, 
The Turkman gets 
And loud in air 
Calls men to prayer, 
From the tapering summit 
Of tall minarets. 

(8) Such empty phantom 
I freely grant them ; 
But there's an anthem 
More dear to me — 
'Tis the bells of Shandon, 
That sound so grand on 
The pleasant waters 
Of the river Lee. 



THE POSTMAN. 

(1) Hark ! 'tis the twanging horn o'er yonder bridge, 
That with its wearisome but needful length 
Bestrides the wintry flood, in which the moon 
Sees her unwrinkled face reflected bright ; 
He comes, the herald of a noisy world, 
With spattered boots, strapped waist, and frozen 

locks ; 
News from all nations lumbering at his back. 



68 A DRILL BOOK IJST THE 

(2) True to his charge, the close-pack'd load behind, 
Yet, careless what he brings, his one concern 

Is to conduct it to the destined inn ; 

And, having dropped the expected bag, pass on. 

(3) He whistles as he goes, light-hearted wretch, 
Cold and yet cheerful : messenger of grief 
Perhaps to thousands, and of joy to some ; 
To him indifferent whether grief or joy. 



KNOWLEDGE AND WISDOM. 

(1) Knowledge and wisdom far from being one 

Have oft-times no connection. (2) Knowledge dwells 
In heads replete with thoughts of other men ; 
Wisdom, in minds attentive to their own. 

(3) Knowledge a rude unprofitable mass, 

The mere materials with which wisdom builds, 
Till smoothed, and squared, and fitted to its place, 
Does but encumber whom it seems to enrich. 

(4) Knowledge is proud that he has learned so much : 
Wisdom is humble that he knows no more. 



THE ARMY OF CHARLES V., BEFORE 
ALGIERS. 

(1) The voyage, from Majorca to the African coast, 
was not less tedious, or full of hazard, than that which he 
had just finished. (2) When he approached the land, the 
roll of the sea, and the vehemence of the winds, would 
not permit the troops to disembark. (3) But at last, the 
Emperor, seizing a favorable opportunity, landed them 
without opposition, not far from Algiers, and immedi- 
ately advanced towards the town. (4) To oppose this 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. (59 

mighty army, Hascen had only eight hundred Turks, and 
five thousand Moors, partly natives from Africa, and 
partly refugees from Granada. (5) He returned, how- 
ever, a fierce and haughty answer, when summoned to 
surrender. (6) But with such a handful of soldiers, 
neither his desperate courage, nor consummate skill in 
war, could have long resisted forces superior to those 
which had defeated Barbarossa at the head of sixty 
thousand men, and which had reduced Tunis, in spite of 
all his endeavors to save it. 

(7) But how far soever the Emperor might think him- 
self beyond the reach of any danger from the enemy, he 
was suddenly exposed to a more dreadful calamity, and 
one against which human prudence and human efforts 
availed nothing. (8) On the second day after his land- 
ing, and before he had time for anything but to disperse 
some light-armed Arabs who molested his troops on their 
march, the clouds began to gather, and the heavens to 
appear with a fierce and threatening aspect. (9) Towards 
evening, rain began to fall, accompanied with violent 
wind ; and the rage of the tempest increasing, during the 
night, the soldiers, who had brought nothing ashore but 
their arms, remained exposed to all its fury, without tents 
or shelter, or cover of any kind. (10) The ground was 
soon so wet that they could not lie down on it ; their 
camp being in a low situation, was overflowed with water, 
and they sunk, at every step, to the ankles in mud ; while 
the wind blew with such impetuosity, that, to prevent 
their falling, they were obliged to thrust their spears into 
the ground, and to support themselves by taking hold of 
them. (11) Hascen was too vigilant an officer to allow 
an enemy- in such distress to remain unmolested. (12) 
About the dawn of morning, he sallied out with soldiers, 
who having been screened from the storm under their 
own roofs, were fresh and vigorous. (13) A body of 
Italians, who were stationed nearest the city, dispirited 
and benumbed with cold, fled at the approach of the 
Turks. (14) The troops at the post behind them discov- 
ered greater courage ; but, as the rain had extinguished 



70 A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

their matches and wetted their powder, their muskets 
were useless ; and having scarcely strength to handle 
their other arms, they were soon thrown into confusion. 
(15) Almost the whole army, with the Emperor himself 
in person, was obliged to advance, before the enemy 
could be repulsed, who, after spreading such general con- 
sternation, and killing a considerable number of men, 
retired at last in good order. 

(16) But all feeling or remembrance of this loss and 
danger were quickly obliterated by a more dreadful, as 
well as affecting spectacle. (17) It was now broad day ; 
the hurricane had abated nothing of its violence, and the 
sea appeared agitated with all the rage of which that 
destructive element is capable ; all the ships, on which 
alone the whole army knew that their safety and subsis- 
tence depended, were seen driven from their anchors, 
some dashing against each other, some beat to pieces on 
the rocks, many forced ashore, and not a few sinking in 
the waves. (18) In less than an hour, fifteen ships of war 
and a hundred and forty transports, with eight thousand 
men perished ; and such of the unhappy crews as had 
escaped the fury of the sea, were murdered without mercy 
by the Arabs, as soon as they reached land. (19) The 
Emperor stood in silent anguish and astonishment, behold- 
ing this fatal event, which at once blasted all his hopes 
of success, and buried in the depths the vast stores which 
he had provided, as well for annoying the enemy, as for 
subsisting his own troops. (20) He had it not in his 
power to afford them any other assistance or relief than 
by sending some troops to drive away the Arabs, and 
thus delivering a few who were so fortunate as to get 
ashore from the cruel fate which their companions had 
met with. (21) At last the wind began to fall, and to 
give hopes that as many ships might escape as would 
be sufficient to save the army from perishing by famine, 
and transport them back to Europe. (22) But these were 
only hopes ; the approach of evening covered the sea with 
darkness, and it being impossible for the officers on board 
the ships, which had outlived the storm, to send intel- 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 71 

ligence to their companions who were ashore, they 
remained during the night in all the anguish of suspense 
and uncertainty. (23) Next day, a boat dispatched by 
Doria made shift to reach land, with information, that 
having weathered out the storm, to which, during fifty 
years' knowledge of the sea, he had never seen any equal 
in fierceness and horror, he had found it necessary to bear 
away with his shattered ships to Cape Metaf uz. (24) He 
advised the Emperor, as the face of the sky was still 
lowering and tempestuous, to march with all speed to 
that place, where the troops could re-embark with greater 
ease. 

(25) Whatever comfort this intelligence ^afforded 
Charles, from being assured that part of his fleet had 
escaped, was balanced by the new cares and perplexity 
in which it involved him with regard to his army. (26) 
Metafuz was at least three days' march from his present 
camp ; all the provisions which he had brought ashore 
at his first landing were now consumed ; his soldiers, 
worn out with fatigue, were hardly able for such a march, 
even in a friendly country, and being dispirited by a suc- 
cession of hardships, which victory itself would scarcely 
have rendered tolerable, they were in no condition to 
undergo new toils. (27) But the situation of the army 
was such as allowed not one moment for deliberation, nor 
left it the least doubtful what to choose. (28) They were 
ordered instantly to march, the wounded, the sick, and the 
feeble being placed in the center ; such as seemed most 
vigorous were stationed in the front and rear. (29) Then 
the sad effects of what they had suffered began to appear 
more manifestly than ever, and new calamities were 
added to all those which they had already endured. 
(30) Some could hardly bear the weight of their arms ; 
others, spent with the toil of forcing their way through 
deep and almost impassable roads, sunk down and died ; 
many perished by famine, as the whole army subsisted 
chiefly on roots and berries, or the flesh of horses, killed 
by the Emperor's order, and distributed among the sev- 
eral battalions ; many were drowned in brooks, which 



72 A BRILL BOOK IN TEE 

were swollen so much by the excessive rains, that in 
passing them they waded up to the chin ; not a few were 
killed by the enemy, who during the greater part of their 
retreat, alarmed, harassed and annoyed them night and 
day. (31) At last they arrived at Melafuz ; and the 
weather being now so calm as to restore their communi- 
cation with the fleet, they were supplied with plenty of 
provisions, and cheered with the prospect of safety. 



PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S SECOND INAUGURAL 
ADDRESS. 

DELIVERED ON THE 4TH OF MARCH, 1865. 

(1) Fellow Countrymen : — At this second appearing 
to take the oath of the presidential office, there is less 
occasion for an extended address than there was at the 
first. (2) Then, a statement, somewhat in detail, of a 
course to be pursued, seemed fitting and proper. (3) Now, 
at the expiration of four years, during which public dec- 
larations have been constantly called forth on every point 
and phase of the great contest which still absorbs the 
attention and engrosses the energies of the nation, little 
that is new could be presented. (4) The progress of our 
arms, upon which all else chiefly depends, is as well 
known to the public as to myself ; and it is, I trust, 
reasonably satisfactory and encouraging to all. (5) With 
high hope for the future, no prediction in regard to it is 
ventured. 

(6) On the occasion corresponding to this four years 
ago, all thoughts were anxiously directed to an impend- 
ing civil war. (7) All dreaded it ; all sought to avoid 
it. (S) While the inaugural address was being delivered 
from this place, devoted altogether to saving the Union 
without war, insurgent agents were in the city seeking to 
destroy it without war — seeking to dissolve the Union and 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 73 

divide the effects by negotiation. (9) Both parties dep- 
recated war; but one of them would make war rather 
than let the nation survive ; and the other would accept 
war rather than let it perish ; and the war came. 

(10) One eighth of the whole population were colored 
slaves, not distributed generally over the Union, but 
located in the southern part of it. (11) These slaves 
constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. (12) All 
knew that this interest was somehow the cause of the 
war, (13) To strengthen, perpetuate and extend this 
interest was the object for which the insurgents would 
rend the Union by war ; while the government claimed 
no right to do more than to restrict the territorial enlarge- 
ment of it. (14) Neither party expected the magnitude 
or the duration which the war has already attained. (15) 
Neither anticipated that the cause of the conflict might 
cease, even before the conflict itself should cease. (16) 
Each looked for an easier triumph, and a result less 
fundamental and astounding. (17) Both read the same 
Bible and pray to the same God ; and each invokes his 
aid against the other. (18) It may seem strange that 
any man should dare to ask a just God's assistance in 
wringing his bread from the sweat of other men's faces. 
(19) But let us judge not, that we be not judged. (20) 
The prayers of both could not be answered. (21) That 
of neither has been answered fully. (22) The Almighty 
has his own purposes. (23) " Woe unto the world 
because of offenses ! for it must needs be that offenses 
come ; but woe to that man by whom the offense cometh !" 
(24) If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of 
these offenses, which, in the providence of God, must 
needs come, but which, having continued through his 
appointed time, he now wills to remove, and that he gives 
to both North and South this terrible war as the woe due 
to those by whom the offense came, shall we discern 
therein any departure from those Divine attributes which 
the believers in a living God always ascribe to him ? (25) 
Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this 
mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. (26) 



74 A BRILL BOOK IN THE 

Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth, 
piled by the bondman's two hundred and fifty years of 
unrequited toil, shall be sunk, and until every drop of 
blood drawn by the lash shall be paid by another drawn 
by the sword, as it was said three thousand years ago, so 
still it must be said, that "the judgments of the Lord 
are true and righteous altogether." 

(27) With malice toward none, with charity for all, 
with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the 
right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in ; to 
bind up the nation's wound ; to care for him who shall 
have borne the battle, and for his widow and his orphans ; 
to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and a 
lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations. 



SET DOWN MY NAME, SIR. 

(1) I saw also that the Interpreter took him again by 
the hand, and led him into a pleasant place, where was 
built a stately palace, beautiful to behold ; at the sight 
of which Christian was greatly delighted. (%) He saw 
also upon the top thereof certain persons walking, who 
were clothed all in gold. 

(3) Then said Christian, " May we go in thither ? " 

(4) Then the Interpreter took him and led him up 
toward the door of the palace; and behold, at the door 
stood a great company of men, as desirous to go in, but 
durst not. (5) There also sat a man at a little distance 
from the door, at a table-side, with a book and his inkhorn 
before him, to take the names of them that should enter 
therein ; he saw also that in the doorway stood many men 
in armor to keep it, being resolved to do to the men that 
would enter, what hurt and mischief they could. (6) 
Now was Christian somewhat in a maze. (7) At last, 
when every man started back for fear of the armed men, 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 75 

Christian saw a man of a very stout countenance come 
up to the man that sat there to write, saying, " Set down 
my name, sir ; " the which when he had done, he saw 
the man draw a sword, and put a helmet upon his head, 
and rush toward the door upon the armed men, who laid 
upon him with deadly force ; but the man not at all dis- 
couraged, fell to cutting and hacking most fiercely. (8) 
So after he had received and given many wounds to those 
that attempted to keep him out, he cut his way through 
them all and pressed forward into the palace ; at which 
there was a pleasant voice heard from those that were 
within, even of those that walked upon the top of the 
palace, saying: 

" Come in, come in, eternal glory shalt thou win." 
(9) So he went in and was clothed with such garments 
as they. (10) Then Christian smiled and said, " I think 
verily I know the meaning of this." 



THE ZEAL NOT PROPER FOR RELIGION. 

(1) Any zeal is proper for religion but the zeal of the 
sword and the zeal of anger: this is the bitterness of zeal, 
and it is a certain temptation to every man against his 
duty ; for if the sword turns preacher, and dictates prop- 
ositions by empire instead of arguments, and engraves 
them in men's hearts with a poinard, that it shall be 
death to believe what I innocently and ignorantly am 
persuaded of, it must needs be unsafe to try the spirits, 
to try all things, to make inquiry ; and, yet, without this 
liberty, no man can justify himself before God or man, 
nor confidently say that his religion is best. (2) This is 
inordination of zeal ; for Christ, by reproving St. Peter 
drawing his sword even in the cause of Christ, for his 
sacred and yet injured person, teaches us not to use the 
sword, though in the cause of God, or for God himself. 



76 A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

(3) When Abraham sat at his tent door, according to 
his custom, waiting to entertain strangers, he espied an 
old man, stooping and leaning on his staff, weary with 
age and travel, coming towards him, who was a hundred 
years of age. (4) He received him kindly, washed his 
feet, provided supper, caused him to sit down ; but 
observing that the old man eat, and prayed not, nor 
begged for a blessing on his meat, he asked him why he 
did not worship the God of heaven. (5) The old man 
told him that he worshiped the lire only, and acknowl- 
edged no other God. (6) At which answer Abraham 
grew so zealously angry, that he thrust the old man out 
of his tent, and exposed him to all the evils of the night, 
and an unguarded condition. (7) When the old man 
was gone, God called to Abraham, and asked him where 
the stranger was. (8) He replied, I thrust him away 
because he did not worship thee. (9) God answered 
him, I have suffered him these hundred years, although 
he dishonored me ; and conldst thou not endure him one 
nijriit ? 



TOM SMART'S RIDE. 

(1) One winter's evening, about five o'clock, just as it 
began to grow dusk, a man in a gig might have been 
seen urging his tired horse along the road which leads 
across Marlborough Downs, in the direction of Bristol. 
(2) I say he might have been seen, and I have no doubt 
he would have been, if anybody but a blind man had 
happened to pass that way ; but the weather was so bad, 
and the night so cold and wet, that nothing was out but 
the water, and so the traveler jogged along in the middle 
of the road, lonesome and dreary enough. (3) If any 
bagman of that day could have caught sight of the little 
neck-or-nothing sort of gig, with a clay-colored body and 
red wheels, and the vixenish, ill-tempered, fast-going, bay 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 77 

mare, that looked like a cross between a butcher's horse 
and a two-penny post-office pony, he would have known 
at once, that this traveler could have been no other than 
Tom Smart, of the great house of Bilson and Slum, Cat- 
eaton Street, City. (4) However, as there was no bag- 
man to look on, nobody knew anything at all about the 
matter ; and so Tom Smart and his clay-colored gig with 
the red wheels, and the vixenish mare with the fast pace,, 
went on together, keeping the secret among them, and 
nobody was a bit the wiser. 

(5) There are many pleasanter places, even in this 
dreary world, than Marlborough Downs, when it blows 
hard ; and if you throw in beside, a gloomy winter's even- 
ing, a miry and sloppy road, and a pelting fall of heavy 
rain, and try the effect, by way of experiment, in your 
own proper person, you will experience the full force of 
this observation. 

(6) The wind blew — not up the road or down it, though 
that's bad enough, but sheer across it, sending the rain 
slanting down like the lines they used to rule in the copy- 
books at school, to make the boys slope well. (7) For a. 
moment it would die away, and then the traveler would 
begin to delude himself into the belief that, exhausted 
with its previous fury, it had quietly lain itself down to 
rest, when whoo ! he would hear it growling and whis- 
tling in the distance, and on it would come, rushing over 
the hill tops and sweeping along the plain, gathering 
sound and strength as it drew nearer, until it dashed with 
a heavy gust against horse and man, driving the sharp 
rain into their ears, and its cold damp breath into their 
very bones ; and past them it would scour, far, far away,, 
with a stunning roar, as if in ridicule of their weakness, 
and triumphant in the consciousness of its own strength 
and power. 

(8) The bay mare splashed away, through the mud and 
water, with drooping ears, now and then tossing her head 
as if to express her disgust at this very ungentlemanly 
behavior of the elements, but keeping good pace notwith- 
standing, until a gust of wind more furious than any that 



78 A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

had yet assailed them, caused her to stop suddenly, and 
plant her four feet firmly against the ground, to prevent 
her being blown over. (9) It's a special mercy that she 
did this, for if she had been blown over, the vixenish 
mare was so light, and the gig was so light, and Tom 
Smart such a light weight into the bargain, that they 
must infallibly have all gone rolling over and over 
together, until they reached the confines of the earth, or 
until the wind fell ; and in either case the probability is, 
that neither the vixenish mare, nor the clay-colored gig 
• with the red wheels, nor Tom Smart, would ever have 
been fit for service again. 

(10) " Well," says Tom Smart, " if this ain't pleasant, 
blow me." (11) You'll very likely ask me, why, as 
Tom Smart had been pretty well blown already, he 
expressed this wish to be submitted to the same process 
again. (12) I can't say — all 1 know is, that Tom Smart 
said so — or at least he always told my uncle that he said 
so, and it's just the same thing. 

(13) " Blow me," says Tom Smart ; and the mare 
neighed as if she were of precisely the same opinion. 

(14) " Cheer up, old girl," said Tom, patting the bay 
mare on the neck with the end of his whip. (15) "It 
won't do pushing on such a night as this ; the first house 
we come to we'll put up at, so the faster you go the sooner 
it's over. (16) Soho, old girl — gently — gently." 

(17) Whether the vixenish mare was sufficiently well 
acquainted with the tones of Tom's voice to comprehend 
his meaning, or whether she found it colder standing still 
than moving on, of course 1 can't say. (18) But I can 
say that Tom had no sooner finished speaking than she 
pricked up her ears, and started forward at a speed which 
made the clay-colored gig rattle until you would have sup- 
posed every one of the red spokes was going to fly out on 
the turf of Marlborough Downs ; and even Tom, whip 
as he was, couldn't stop or check her pace, until she drew 
up, of her own accord, before a roadside inn, on the right- 
hand side of the way, about a quarter of a mile from the 
end of the Downs. 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 79 

VICISSITUDE, 

(1) Now the golden morn aloft 

Waves her dew-bespangled wing, 
With vermil cheek and whisper soft, 

She woos the tardy spring ; 
Till April starts, and calls around, 
The sleeping fragrance from the ground, 
And lightly o'er the living scene 
Scatters his freshest, tenderest green. 

(2) New-born flocks, in rustic dance 

Frisking, ply their feeble feet ; 
Forgetful of their wintry trance, 

The birds his presence greet : 
But chief, the skylark warbles high 
His trembling, thrilling ecstasy ; 
And lessening from the dazzled sight, 
Melts into air and liquid light. 

(3) Yesterday the sullen year 

Saw the snowy whirlwind fly ; 
Mute was the music of the air, 

The herd stood drooping by; 
Their raptures now, that wildly flow, 
No yesterday nor morrow know ; 
'Tis man alone that joy descries, 
With forward and reverted eyes. 

(4) Smiles on past misfortune's brow 

Soft reflection's hand can trace, 
And o'er the cheek of sorrow throw 

A melancholy grace : 
While hope prolongs our happier hour ; 
Or deepest shades, that dimly lower, 
And blacken round our weary way, 
Gilds with a gleam of distant day. 



80 A DRILL BOOK W THE 

(5) Still where rosy pleasure leads, 

See a kindred grief pursue, 
Behind the steps that misery treads 

Approaching comfort view : 
The hues of bliss more brightly glow, 
Chastened by sabler tints of woe ; 
And blended form, with artful strife, 
The strength and harmony of life. 

(6) See the wretch that long has tost 

On the thorny bed of pain, 
At length repair his vigor lost, 

And breathe and walk again ! 
The meanest flow'ret of the vale, 
The simplest note that swells the gale, 
The common sun, the air, the skies, 
To him are opening Paradise. 



GREEN RIVER. 

(1) When breezes are soft and skies are fair, 
I steal an hour from study and care, 
And hie me away to the woodland scene, 
Where wanders the stream with waters of green ; 
As if the bright fringe of herbs on its brink 
Had given their stain to the wave they drink ; 
And they, whose meadows it murmurs through, 
Have named the stream from its own fair hue. 

(2) Yet, pure its waters, — its shallows are bright 
With colored pebbles and sparkles of light, 
And clear the depths where its eddies play, 
And dimples deepen and whirl away ; 

And the plane-tree's speckled arms o'ershoot 

The swifter current that mines its root, 

Through whose shifting leaves, as you walk the hill, 






ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 81 

The quivering glimmer of sun. and rill 

With a sudden flash on the eye is thrown, 

Like the ray that streams from the diamond-stone. 

(3) O, loveliest there, the spring days come, 
With blossoms, and birds, and wild bee's hum ; 
The flowers of summer are fairest there, 

And freshest the breath of the summer air ; 
And sweetest the golden autumn day 
In silence and sunshine glides away. 

(4) Yet, fair as thou art, thou shunnest to glide, 
Beautiful stream ! by the village side; 

But windest away from the haunts of men, 
. To quiet valley and shaded glen ; 
And forest, and meadow, and slope of hill, 
Around thee are lonely, and lovely, and still, 
Lonely — save when, by thy rippling tides, 
From thicket to thicket the angler glides ; 
Or the simpler comes, with basket and book, 
For herbs of power on thy bank to look ; 
Or, haply, some idle dreamer, like me, 
To wander, and muse, and gaze on thee, 
Still, save the chirp of birds, that feed 
On the river cherry and seedy reed, 
And thy own wild music, gushing out 
With mellow murmur of fairy shout, 
From dawn to the blush of another day, 
Like traveler singing along hi6 way. 

(5) That fairy music I never hear, 

Nor gaze on those waters so green and clear, 
And mark them winding away from sight, 
Darkened with shade, or flashing with light, 
While o'er them the vine to its thicket clings, 
And the zephyr stoops to freshen his w T ings ; 
But I wish that fate had left me free 
To wander these quiet haunts with thee, 
Till the eating cares of earth should depart, 
(6) 



82 A DBILL BOOK IN THE 

And the peace of the scene pass into my heart ; 
And I envy the stream, as it glides along 
Through its beautiful banks, in a trance of song. 

(6) Though forced to drudge for the dregs of men, 
And scrawl strange words with the barbarous pen, 
And mingle among the jostling crowd, 
Where the sons of strife are subtle and loud, — 
I often come to this quiet place 
To breathe the airs that ruffle thy face, 
And gaze upon thee in silent dream, 
For in thy lonely and lovely stream 
An image of that calm life appears 
That won my heart in my greener years. 



THE VOYAGE. 

Ships, ships, I will descrie you 

Amidst the main, 
I will come and try you, 
What you are protecting, 
And projecting, 

What's your end and aim. 

One goes abroad for merchandise and trading, 
Another stays to keep his country from invading, 
A third is coming home with rich and wealthy lading, 
Hallo ! my fancie, whither wilt thou go % 

— [Old Poem. 

(1) To an American visiting Europe, the long voyage 
he has to make is an excellent preparative. (2) The 
temporary absence of worldly scenes and employments 
produces a state of mind peculiarly fitted to receive new 
and vivid impressions. (3) The vast space of waters 
that separates the two hemispheres is like a blank page 
in existence. (4) There is no gradual transition by 
which, as in Europe, the features and population of one 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 83 

country blend almost imperceptibly with those of another. 
(5) From the moment you lose sight of the land you 
have left, all is vacancy, until you step on the opposite 
shore, and are launched at once into the bustle and nov- 
elties of another world. 

(6) In travelling by land there is a continuity of scene, 
and a connected succession of persons and incidents, that 
carry on the story of life, and lessen the effect of absence 
and separation. (7) We drag, it is true, " a lengthening 
chain " at each remove of our pilgrimage; but the chain 
is unbroken ; we can trace it back link by link ; and we 
feel that the last of them still grapples us to home. (8) 
But a wide sea voyage severs us at once. (9) It makes 
us conscious of being cast loose from the secure anchor- 
age of settled life, and sent adrift upon a doubtful world. 
(10) It interposes a gulf, not merely imaginary, but real, 
between us and our homes — a gulf, subject to tempest, 
and fear, and uncertainty, that makes distance palpable 
and return precarious. 

(11) Such, at least, was the case with myself . (12) As 
I saw the last blue line of my native land fade away like 
a cloud in the horizon, it seemed as if I had closed one 
volume of the world and its concerns, and had time for 
meditation, before I opened another. (13) That land, 
too, now vanishing from my view, which contained all 
that was most dear to me in life ; what vicissitudes 
might occur in it, what changes might take place 
in me, before I should visit it again ! (14) Who 
can tell, when he sets forth to wander, whither he 
may be driven by the uncertain currents of existence ; 
or when he may return ; or whether it may be ever his 
lot to revisit the scenes of his childhood ? 

(15) I said, that at sea all is vacancy ; I should cor- 
rect the expression, (16) To one given to day dreaming 
and fond of losing himself in reveries, a sea voyage is 
full of subjects for meditation ; but then they are the 
wonders of the deep and of the air, and rather tend to 
abstract the mind from worldly themes. (17) I delighted 
to loll over the quarter-railing or climb to the main-top, 



84 A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

of a calm day, and muse for hours together on the tran- 
quil bosom of a summer's sea ; to gaze upon the piles of 
golden clouds just peeping above the horizon ; fancy 
them some fairy realms, and people them with a creation 
of my own ; to watch the gentle undulating billows, roll- 
ing their silver volumes, as if to die away on those happy 
shores. 

(18) There was a delicious sensation of mingled security 
and awe with which I looked down, from my giddy height, 
on the monsters of the deep at their uncouth gambols : 
shoals of porpoises tumbling about the bow of the ship ; 
the grampus, slowly heaving his huge form above the 
surface ; or the ravenous shark, darting, like a spectre, 
through the blue waters. (19) My imagination would 
conjure up all that I had heard or read of the watery 
world beneath me : of the finny herds that roam its 
fathomless valleys ; of the shapeless monsters that lurk 
among the very foundations of the earth, and of those wild 
phantasms that swell the tales of fishermen and sailors. 

(20) Sometimes a distant sail, gliding along the edge 
of the ocean, would be another theme of idle speculation. 
(21) How interesting this fragment of a world, hasten- 
ing to rejoin the great mass of existence! (22) What a 
glorious monument of human invention ; that has thus 
triumphed over wind and wave ; has brought the ends 
of the world into communion; has established an inter- 
change of blessings, pouring into the sterile regions of the 
north all the luxuries of the south ; has diffused the light 
of knowledge, and the charities of cultivated life ; and 
has thus bound together those scattered portions of the 
human race, between which nature seemed to have 
thrown an insurmountable barrier. 

(23) We one day descried some shapeless object drift- 
ing at a distance. (24) At sea, every thing that breaks 
the monotony of the surrounding expanse attracts atten- 
tion. (25) It proved to be the mast of a ship that must 
have been completely wrecked ; for there were the 
remains of handkerchiefs by which some of the crew had 
fastened themselves to this spar, to prevent their being 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 85 

washed off by the waves. (26) There was no trace by 
which the name of the ship could be ascertained. (27) 
The wreck had evidently drifted about for many months ; 
clusters of shell-fish had fastened about it, and long sea- 
weeds flaunted at its sides. (28) But where, thought I, 
is the crew ? (29) Their struggle has long been over — 
they have gone down amidst the roar of the tempest — 
their bones lie whitening among the caverns of the deep. 
(30) Silence, oblivion, like the waves, have closed over 
them, and no one can tell the story of their end. (31) 
What sighs have been wafted after that ship ; what 
prayers offered up at the deserted fireside of home ! (32) 
How often has the mistress, the wife, the mother, pored 
over the daily news, to catch some casual intelligence of 
this rover of the deep ! (33) How has expectation 
darkened into anxiety — anxiety into dread — and dread 
into despair ! (34) Alas ! not one memento shall ever 
return for love to cherish. (35) All that shall ever be 
known, is, that she sailed from her port, " and was never 
heard of more ! " 

(36) The sight of this wreck, as usual, gave rise to 
many dismal anecdotes. (37) This was particularly the 
case in the evening, when the weather, which had hith- 
erto been fair, began to look wild and threatening, and 
gave indications of one of those sudden storms that will 
sometimes break in upon the serenity of a summer 
voyage. (38) As we sat around the dull light of a lamp, 
in the cabin, that made the gloom more ghastly, every 
one had his tale of shipwreck and disaster. (39) I was 
particularly struck with a short one related by the cap- 
tain. 

(40) " As I was once sailing," said he, " in a fine, 
stout ship, across the banks of Newfoundland, one of 
those heavy fogs that prevail in those parts rendered it 
impossible for us to see far ahead, even in the day time ; 
but at night the weather was so thick that we could not 
distinguish any object at twice the length of the ship. 
(41) I kept lights at the mast-head, and a constant watch 
forward to look out for fishing smacks, which are accus- 



86 A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

tomed to lie at anchor on the banks. (42) The wind was 
blowing a smacking breeze, and we were going at a great 
rate through the water. (43) Suddenly the watch gave 
the alarm of £ a sail ahead ! ' it was scarcely uttered 
before we were upon her. (44) She was a small schooner, 
at anchor, with a broadside toward us. (45) The crew 
were all asleep, and had neglected to hoist a light. (46) 
We struck her just a-rnid-ships. (47) The force, the 
size, the weight of our vessel, bore her down below the 
waves; we passed over her and were hurried on our 
course. (48) As the crashing wreck was sinking beneath 
us, I had a glimpse of two or three half-naked wretches, 
rushing from her cabin ; they just started from their 
beds to be swallowed shrieking by the waves. (49) I 
heard their drowning cry mingling with the wind. (50) 
The blast that bore it to our ears, swept us out of all far- 
ther hearing. (51) I shall never forget that cry ! (52) 
It was some time before we could put the ship about, 
she was under such head-way. (53) We returned as 
nearly as we could guess, to the place where the smack 
had anchored. (54) We cruised about for several hours 
in the dense fog. (55) We fired signal-guns, and listened 
if we might hear the halloo of any survivors ; but all was 
silent — we never saw or heard anything of them more." 
(56) I confess these stories, for a time, put an end 
to all my fine fancies. (57) The storm increased with 
the night. (58) The sea was lashed into tremendous 
confusion. (59) There was a fearful, sullen sound of 
rushing waves and broken surges. (60) Deep called 
unto deep. (61) At times the black volume of clouds 
overhead seemed rent asunder by flashes of lightning 
that quivered along the foaming billows, and made the 
succeeding darkness doubly terrible. (62) The thunders 
bellowed over the wild waste of waters, and were echoed 
and prolonged by the mountain waves. (63) As I saw 
the ship staggering and plunging among these roaring 
caverns, it seemed miraculous that she regained her bal- 
ance, or preserved her buoyancy. (64) Her yards would 
dip into the water ; her bow was almost buried beneath 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 87 

the waves. (65) Sometimes an impending surge appeared 
ready to overwhelm her, and nothing but a dexterous 
movement of the helm preserved her from the shock. 

(66) When I retired to my cabin, the awful scene 
still followed me. (67) The whistling of the wind through 
the rigging sounded like funereal wailings. (68) The 
creaking of the masts ; the straining and groaning of 
bulkheads, as the ship labored, in the weltering sea, were 
frightful. (69) As I heard the waves rushing along the 
side of the ship, and roaring in my very ear, it seemed as 
if Death were raging round this floating prison, seeking 
for his prey : the mere starting of a nail, the yawning of 
a seam, might give him entrance. 

(70) A fine day, how T ever, with a tranquil sea and 
favouring breeze, soon put all these dismal reflections to 
flight. (71) It is impossible to resist the gladdening 
influence of fine weather and fair wind at sea. (72) When 
the ship is decked out in all her canvas, every sail swelled, 
and careering gaily over the curling waves, how lofty, 
how gallant, she appears — how she seems to lord it over 
the deep ! (73) I might fill a volume with the reveries 
of a sea voyage ; for with me it is almost a continual 
reverie — but it is time to get to shore. 

(74) It was a fine sunny morning when the thrill- 
ing cry of " land !" was given from the mast-head. (75) 
None but those who have experienced it can form an idea 
of the delicious throng of sensations which rush into an 
American's bosom when he first comes in sight of 
Europe. (76) There is a volume of associations with 
the very name. (77) It is the land of promise, teeming 
with everything of which his childhood has heard, or on 
which his studious years have pondered. 

(78) From that time, until the moment of arrival, 
it was all feverish excitement. (79) The ships of war, 
that prowled like guardian giants along the coast; the 
headlands of Ireland, stretching out into the channel ; 
the Welsh mountains, towering into the clouds ; all were 
objects of intense interest. (80) As w T e sailed up the 
Mersey, I reconnoitered the shore with a telescope. 



88 



A DRILL BOOK IN THE 



(81) My eye dwelt with delight on neat cottages, with 
their trim shrubberies and green grass-plots. (82) I saw 
the mouldering ruin of an abbey overrun with ivy, and 
the taper spire of a village church rising from the brow 
of a neighboring hill — all were characteristic of Eng- 
land. 

(83) The tide and wind were so favourable, that the 
ship was enabled to come at once to the pier. (84) It 
was thronged with people ; some idle lookers-on, others 
eager expectants of friends or relatives. (85) I could 
distinguish the merchant to whom the ship was con- 
signed. (86) I knew him by his calculating brow and 
restless air. (87) His hands w r ere thrust into his pock- 
ets, he was whistling thoughtfully, and walking to and 
fro, a small space having been accorded him by the 
crowd, in deference to his temporary importance. (88) 
There were repeated cheerings and salutations inter- 
changed between the shore and the ship, as friends hap- 
pened to recognize each other. (89) I particularly 
noticed one young woman of humble dress, but interest- 
ing demeanour. (90) She was leaning forward from 
among the crowd ; her eye hurried over the ship as it 
neared the shore, to catch some wished-for countenance. 
(91) She seemed disappointed and agitated ; when I 
heard a faint voice call her name. (92) It was from a 
poor sailor who had been ill all the voyage, and had 
excited the sympathy of every one on board. (93) When 
the weather was fine, his messmates had spread a mat- 
tress for him on deck in the shade, but of late his illness 
had so increased that he had taken to his hammock, and 
only breathed a wish that he might see his wife before 
he died. (94:) He had been helped on deck as we came 
up the river, and was now leaning against the shrouds, 
with a countenance so wasted, so pale, so ghastly, that it 
was no wonder even the eye of affection did not recog- 
nize him. (95) But at the sound of his voice, her eye 
darted on his features ; it read, at once, a whole volume 
of sorrow ; she clasped her hands, uttered a faint shriek, 
and stood wringing them in silent agony. 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 89 

(96) All now was hurry and bustle. (97) The meet- 
ings of acquaintances — the greetings of friends — the con- 
sultations of men of business. (98) I alone was solitary 
and idle. (99) I had no friend to meet, no cheering to 
receive. (100) I stepped upon the land of my fore- 
fathers — but felt that I was a stranger in the land. 



GRACE PREFERABLE TO BEAUTY. 
Letter lxxvi. 

FROM HINGPO TO LIEtf CHI ALTANGI, BY THE WAY OF 
MOSCOW. 

(1) I still remain at Terki, where I have received that 
money which was remitted here in order to release me 
from captivity. (2) My fair companion still improves 
in my esteem ; the more I know her mind, her beauty 
becomes more poignant ; she appears charming, even 
among the daughters of Circassia. 

(3) Yet were I to examine her beauty with the art of 
a statuary, I should find numbers here that far surpass 
her ; nature has not granted her all the boasted Circas- 
sian regularity of feature, and yet she greatly exceeds the 
fairest of the country in the art of seizing the affections. 
(4) " Whence," have I often said to myself, " this resist- 
less magic that attends even moderate charms ? though I 
regard the beauties of the country with admiration, every 
interview weakens the impression, but the form of Zelis 
grows upon my imagination ; I never behold her without 
an increase of tenderness and respect. (5) Whence this 
injustice of the mind, in preferring imperfect beauty to 
that which nature seems to have finished with care ? (6) 
Whence the infatuation, that lie whom a comet could not 
amaze, should be astonished at a meteor ?" (7) When 
reason was thus fatigued to find an answer, my imagi- 
nation pursued the subject, and this was the result. 

(8) I fancied myself placed between two landscapes, 
this called the Region of Beauty, and that the Valley of 



90 A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

the Graces: the one adorned with all that luxuriant 
nature could bestow ; the fruits of various climates 
adorned the trees, the groves resounded with music, the 
gale breathed perfume, every charm that could arise 
from symmetry and exact distribution were here con- 
spicuous, the whole offering a prospect of pleasure with- 
out end. (9) The Yalley of the Graces, on the other 
hand, seemed by no means so inviting ; the streams and 
groves appeared just as they usually do in frequented 
countries : no magnificent parterres, no concert in the 
grove, the rivulet was edged with weeds, and the rook 
joined its voice to that of the nightingale. (10) All was 
simplicity and nature. 

(11) The most striking objects ever first allure the 
traveler. (12) I entered the Region of Beauty w r ith 
increased curiosity, and promised myself endlefes satisfac- 
tion in being introduced to the presiding goddess. (13) 
I perceived several strangers, who entered with the same 
design ; and what surprised me not a little, was to see 
several others hastening to leave this abode of seeming 
felicity. 

(14) After some fatigue, I had at last the honor of 
being introduced to the goddess who represented Beauty 
in person. (15) She was seated on a throne, at the foot 
of which stood several strangers, lately introduced like 
me, all regarding her form in ecstacy. (16) u Ah, what 
eyes ! what lips ! how clear her complexion ! how per- 
fect her shape !" (17) At these exclamations, Beauty, 
with downcast eyes, would endeavor to counterfeit mod- 
esty, but soon again looking round as if to confirm every 
spectator in his favorable sentiments; sometimes she 
would attempt to allure us by smiles ; and at intervals 
would bridle back, in order to inspire us with respect as 
well as tenderness. 

(18) This ceremony lasted for some time, and had 
so much employed our eyes, that we had forgot all this 
while that the goddess was silent. (19) We soon, how- 
ever, began to perceive the defect. (20) " What !" said 
we, among each other, " are we to have nothing but Ian- 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 91 

guishing airs, soft looks, and inclinations of the head ; 
will the goddess only deign to satisfy our eyes ?" (21) 
Upon this one of the company stepped up to present her 
with some fruits he had gathered by the way. (22) She 
received the present most sweetly smiling, and with one 
of the whitest hands in the world, but still not a word 
escaped her lips. 

(23) I now found that my companions grew weary of 
their homage ; they went off one by one, and resolving 
not to be left behind, 1 offered to go in my turn, when, 
just at the door of the temple, I was called back by a 
female whose name was Pride, and who seemed displeased 
at the behavior of the company. (24) " Where are you 
hastening ? " said she to me with an angry air ; u the 
Goddess of Beauty is here." (25) " I have been to visit 
her, madam," replied I, " and I find her more beautiful 
even than report had made her." (26) " And why then 
will you leave her ? " added the female. (27) " I have 
seen her long enough," returned I, " I have got all her 
features by heart. (28) Her eyes are still* the same. 
(29) Her nose is a very fine one, but it is still just such 
a nose as it was half an hour ago : could she throw a 
little more mind into her face, perhaps I should be for 
wishing to have more of her company." 

(30) " What signifies," replied my female, " whether 
she has a mind or not ; has she any occasion for a mind, 
so formed as she is by nature ? (31) If she had a com- 
mon face, indeed, there might be some reason for think- 
ing to improve it ; but when features are already perfect, 
every alteration would but impair them. (32) A fine 
face is already at the point of perfection, and a fine lady 
should endeavor to keep it so : the impression it would 
receive from thought would but disturb its whole econ- 
omy." 

(33) To this speech I gave no reply, but made the best 
of my way to the Valley of the Graces. (34) Here I 
found all those who before had been my companions in 
the Region of Beauty, now upon the same errand. 



92 A BRILL BOOK IN THE 

(35) As we entered the valley, the prospect insensibly 
seemed to improve ; we found everything so natural, so 
domestic, and pleasing, that our minds, which before 
were congealed in admiration, now relaxed into gayety 
and good humor. (36) We had designed to pay our 
respects to the presiding goddess, but she was nowhere 
to be found. (37) One of our companions asserted, that 
her temple lay to the right ; another, to the left ; a third 
insisted that it was straight before us ; and a fourth, 
that we had left it behind. (38) In short, we found 
everything familiar and charming, but could not deter- 
mine where to seek for the Grace in person. 

(39) In this agreeable incertitude we passed several 
hours, and though very desirous of finding the goddess, 
by no means impatient of the delay. (40) Every part 
of the valley presented some minute beauty, which, with- 
out offering itself, at once stole upon the soul, and cap- 
tivated us with the charms of our retreat. (41) Still, 
however, we continued to search, and might still have 
continued, had we not been interrupted by a voice, which, 
though we could not see from whence it came, addressed 
us in this manner : " If you would find the Goddess of 
Grace, seek her not under one form, for she assumes a 
thousand. (42) Ever changing under the eye of inspec- 
tion, her variety, rather than her figure, is pleasing. (43) 
In contemplating her beauty, the eye glides over every 
perfection with giddy delight, and, capable of fixing 
nowhere, is charmed with the whole. (44) She is now 
Contemplation with solemn look, again Compassion with 
humid eye ; she now sparkles with joy, soon every feature 
speaks distress ; her looks at times invite our approach, 
at others repress our presumption ; the goddess can not 
be properly called beautiful under any one of these 
forms, but by combining them all she becomes irresist- 
ibly pleasing." (45) Adieu. 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 9 3 



PAUL REVERE'S RIDE. 

(1) Listen, my children, and you shall hear 
Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere, 

On the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-five ; 

Hardly a man is now alive 

Who remembers that famous day and year. 

(2) He said to his friend, " If the British march 
By land or sea from the town to-night, 

Hang a lantern aloft in the belfry arch 

Of the North Church tower, as a signal light, — 

One, if by land, and two, if by sea ; 

And 1 on the opposite shore will be, 

Ready to ride and spread the alarm 

Through every Middlesex village and farm, 

For the country-folk to be up and to arm." 

(3) Then he said, " Good night !" and with muffled oar 
Silently rowed to the Charlestown shore, 

Just as the moon rose over the bay, 

Where swinging wide at the moorings lay 

The Somerset, British man-of-war ; 

A phantom ship, with each mast and spar 

Across the moon like a prison bar, 

And a huge black hulk, that was magnified 

By its own reflection in the tide. 

(4) Meanwhile, his friend through alley and street, 
Wanders and watches with eager ears, 

Till in the silence around him he hears 
The muster of men at the barrack-door, 
The sound of arms and the tramp of feet, 
And the measured tread of the grenadiers, 
Marching down to their boats on the shore. 



94 A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

(5) Then he climbed to the tower of the church, 
Up the wooden stairs, with stealthy tread, 
To the belfry-chamber overhead, 
And startled the pigeons from their perch 
On the sombre rafters, that round him made 
Masses and moving shapes of shade, — 
Up the trembling ladder, steep and tall, 
To the highest window in the wall, 
Where he paused to listen and look down 
A moment on the roofs of the town, 
And the moonlight flowing over all. 

(6) Beneath, in the churchyard, lay the dead, 
In their night-encampment on the hill, 
Wrapped in silence so deep and still 
That he could hear, like a sentinel's tread, 
The watchful night-wind, as it went 
Creeping along from tent to tent, 
And seeming to whisper, " All is well !" 

(7) A moment only he feels the spell 
Of the place and the hour, and the secret dread 
Of the lonely belfry and the dead ; 
For suddenly all his thoughts are bent 
On a shadowy something far away, 
Where the river winds to meet the bay, — 
A line of black that bends and floats 
On the rising tide, like a bridge of boats. 

(8) Meanwhile, impatient to mount and ride, 
Booted and spurred, with a heavy stride 
On the opposite shore walked Paul Revere. 

(9) Now he patted his horse's side, 
Now gazed at the landscape far and near, 
Then, impetuous, stamped the earth, 
And turned and tightened his saddle girth ; 
But mostly he watched, with eager search, 
The belfry-tower of the Old North Church, 
As it rose above the graves on the hill, 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 95 

Lonely and spectral and sombre and still. 

(10) And lo ! as he looks, on the belfry's height 
A glimmer, and then a gleam of light ! 

(11) He springs to the saddle, the bridle he turns, 
But lingers and gazes, till full on his sight 

A second lamp in the belfry burns. 

(12) A hurry of hoofs in a village street, 

A shape in the moonlight, a bulk in the dark, 

And beneath, from the pebbles, in passing, a spark 

Struck out by a steed, flying fearless and fleet ; 

That was all ! (13) And yet, through the gloom and the 

light, 
The fate of a nation was riding that night ; 
And the spark struck out by that steed, in his flight, 
Kindled the land into flame with its heat. 

(14) He has left the village and mounted the steep, 
And beneath him, tranquil and broad and deep, 

Is the Mystic, meeting the ocean tides ; 
And under the alders, that skirt its edge, 
Now soft on the sand, now loud on the ledge, 
Is heard the tramp of his steed as he rides. 

(15) It was twelve by the village clock 

When he crossed the bridge into Medford town. 

(16) He heard the crowing of the cock, 
And the barking of the farmer's dog, 
And felt the damp of the river fog, 
That rises after the sun goes down. 

(17) It was one by the village clock, 
When he galloped into Lexington. 

(18) He saw the gilded weathercock 
Swim in the moonlight as he passed, 

And the meeting-house windows, blank and bare, 

Gaze at him with a spectral glare, 

As if they already stood aghast 

At the bloody work they would look upon. 



96 A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

(19) It was two by the village clock 

When he came to the bridge in Concord town. 

(20) He heard the bleating of the flock, 
And the twitter of birds among the trees, 
And felt the breath of the morning breeze 
Blowing over the meadows brown. 

(21) And one was safe and asleep in his bed 
Who at the bridge would be first to fall, 
Who that day would be lying dead, 
Pierced by a British musket ball. 

(22) You know the rest. (23) In the books you have 

read, 
How the British Regulars fired and fled, — 
How the farmers gave them ball for ball, 
From behind each fence and farm-yard wall, 
Chasing the red-coats down the lane, 
Then crossing the fields to emerge again 
Under the trees at the turn of the road, 
And only pausing to fire and load. 

(24) So through the night rode Paul Revere ; 
And so through the night went his cry of alarm 
To every Middlesex village and farm, — 

A cry of defiance and not of fear, 

A voice in the darkness, a knock at the door, 

And a word that shall echo forevermore ! 

(25) For, borne on the night-wind of the Past, 
Through all our history, to the last, 

In the hour of darkness and peril and need, 
The people will waken and listen to hear 
The hurrying hoof-beats of that steed, 
And the midnight message of Paul Revere. 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 97 



JULIUS CAESAR, ACT L, SCENE L 

Flavius. Hence ! home, you idle creatures, get you 
home. 
Is this a holiday ? What ! know you not, 
Being mechanical, you ought not walk, 
Upon a laboring day, without the sign 
Of your profession ? — Speak, what trade art thou ? 

1 Citizen. Why, sir, a carpenter. 

Marullus. Where is thy leather apron, and thy rule ? 
What dost thou with thy best apparel on ? 
You, sir ; what trade are you ? 

2 Citizen. Truly, sir, in respect of a fine workman, 
I am but as you would say, a cobbler. 

Marullus. But what trade art thou ? Answer me 
directly. 

2 Citizen. A trade, sir, that I hope I may use with 
a safe conscience ; which is, indeed, sir, a mender of bad 
soles. 

Marullus. What trade, thou knave ; thou naughty 
knave, what trade ? 

2 Citizen. Nay, I beseech you, sir, be not out with 
me : yet, if you be out, sir, I can mend you. 

Marullus. What mean'st thou by that ? Mend me, 
thou saucy fellow ? 

2 Citizen. Why, sir, cobble you. 

Flavius. Thou art a cobbler, art thou ? 

2 Citizen. Truly sir, all that I live by is with the 
awl. I meddle with no tradesman's matters, nor women's 
matters, but with awl. 1 am, indeed, sir, a surgeon to 
old shoes : when they are in great danger, I recover 
them. As proper men as ever trod upon neat's leather 
have gone upon my handiwork. 

Flavius. But wherefore art not in thy shop to-day ? 
Why dost thou lead these men about the streets ? 

2 Citizen. Truly, sir, to wear out their shoes, to get 
myself into more work. But, indeed, sir, we make holi- 
day to see Csesar and to rejoice in his triumph. 
(7) 



98 A BRILL BOOK IN THE 

Marullus. Wherefore rejoice ? What conquest brings 
he home ? 
What tributaries follow him to Borne, 
To grace in captive bonds his chariot wheels ? 
You blocks, you stones, you worse than senseless things ! 
O, you hard hearts, you cruel men of Rome, 
Knew you not Pompey ? Many a time and oft 
Have you climbed up to walls and battlements, 
To towers and windows, yea, to chimney-tops, 
Your infants in your arms, and there have sat 
The live-long day, with patient expectation, 
To see great Pompey pass the streets of Rome : 
Ajid when you saw his chariot but appear, 
Have you not made an universal shout, 
That Tiber trembled underneath her banks, 
To hear the replication of your sounds, 
Made in her concave shores ? 
And do you now put on your best attire ? 
And do you now cull out a holiday ? 
And do you now strew flowers in his way, 
That comes in triumph over Pompey's blood ? 
Begone ! 

Run to your houses, fall upon your knees, 
Pray to the gods to intermit the plague 
That needs must light on this ingratitude. 

Flavius. Go, go, good countrymen, and for this fault, 
Assemble all the poor men of your sort; 
Draw them to Tiber banks, and weep your tears 
Into the channel, till the lowest stream 
Do kiss the most exalted shores of all. 
See, whe'r their basest metal be not moved ! 
They vanish tongue-tied in their guiltiness. 
Go you down that way towards the Capital ; 
This way will I. Disrobe the images, 
If you do find them decked with ceremonies. 

Marullus. May we do so ? 
You know it is the feast of Lupercal. 

Flavius. It is no matter ; let no images 
Be hung with Caesar's trophies. I'll about, 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 99 

And drive away the vulgar from the streets ; 
So do you too, where you perceive them thick. 
These growing feathers plucked from Caesar's wing 
Will make him soar an ordinary pitch ; 
Who else would soar above the view of men, 
And keep us all in servile fearfulness. 



A WELCOME TO ALEXANDRA. 

MARCH 7, 1863. 

Sea-kings' daughter from over the sea, 

Alexandra ! 

Saxon and Norman and Dane are we, 

But all of us Danes in our welcome of thee, 

Alexandra ! 

Welcome her, thunders of fort and of fleet ! 

Welcome her, thundering cheer of the street ! 

Welcome her, all things youthful and sweet, 

Scatter the blossom under her feet ! 

Break, happy land, into earlier flowers ! 

Make music, O bird, in the new-budded bowers ! 

Blazon your mottoes of blessing and prayer ! 

Welcome her, welcome her, all that is ours ! 

Warble, O bugle, and trumpet, blare ! 

Flags, flutter out upon turrets and towers ! 

Flames, on the windy headland flare ! 

Utter your jubilee, steeple and spire ! 

Clash, ye bells, in the merry March air ! 

Flash, ye cities, in rivers of fire ! 

Rush to the roof, sudden rocket, and higher 

Melt into the stars for the land's desire ! 

Roll and rejoice, jubilant voice, 

Roll as a ground-swell dash'd on the strand, 

Roar as the sea when he welcomes the land, 

And welcome her, welcome the land's desire, 

The sea-kings' daughter as happy as fair, 



100 A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

Blissful bride of a blissful heir, 
Bride of the heir of the kings of the sea — 
O joy to the people, and joy to the throne, 
Come to us, love us, and make us your own ; 
For Saxon or Dane or Norman we, 
Teuton or Celt, or whatever we be, 
We are each all Dane in our welcome of thee, 

Alexandra ! 



THE KELATIONSHIP OF WOEDS. 

(1) Even now the relationship of words, which is so 
important for our right understanding ^of them, is con- 
tinually overlooked ; a very little thing serving to conceal 
them from us. (2) For example, what a multitude of 
our nouns substantive and adjective are, in fact, unsus- 
pected participles, or otherwise most closely connected 
with verbs, with which, notwithstanding, until some one 
points out the fact to us, we probably never think of 
putting them in any relation. (3) And yet with how 
lively an interest shall we discover words to be of closest 
kin, which we had never considered till now, but as entire 
strangers to one another ; what a real increase will it be 
in our acquaintance with, and mastery of, English to 
become aware of such relationship. 

(4-) Thus " heaven " is only the perfect of " to heave;" 
and is so called because it is " heaved," or " heaven " up, 
being properly the sky as it is raised aloft ; the "smith " 
has his name from the sturdy blows that he " smites " 
upon the anvil ; " wrong " is the perfect participle of " to 
wring ; " that which one has " wrung " or wrested from 
the right ; just as, in French, " tort " from " torqueo," is 
that which is twisted ; " guilt " of " to guile " or " be- 
guile ; " to find " guilt" in a man is to find that he has 
been " beguiled," that is by the devil, " instigante dia- 
bolo," as it is inserted in all indictments for murder, the 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 101 

forms of which have come down to us from a time when 
men were not ashamed of tracing evil to his inspiration. 
(5) The " brunt " of the battle is the " heat " of the 
battle, where it " burns " the most fiercely. (6) " Haft, 5 ' 
as of a knife, is properly only the participle perfect of 
" to have," that whereby you " have " or hold it. (7) 
Or take two or three nouns adjective ; " strong " is the 
participle past of " to string ; " a " strong " man means 
no more than one whose sinews are firmly " strung." (8) 
The " left " hand, as distinguished from the right, is the 
hand which we " leave ; " inasmuch as for twenty times 
we use the right hand, we do not once employ it ; and 
it obtains its name from being "left" unused so often. 
(9) " Wild " is the participle past of " to will ; " a " wild " 
horse is a " willed " or self-willed horse, one that has 
never been tamed or taught to submit its will to the will 
of another ; and so with a man. 



CHEISTMAS. 

But is old, old, good old Christmas gone ? Nothing 
but the hair of his good, gray, old head and beard left ? 
Well, I will have that, seeing I cannot have more of 
him. — [Hue and Cry after Christmas. 

A man might then behold 

At Christmas, in each hall 
Good fires to curb the cold, 

And meats for great and small. 
The neighbors were friendly bidden, 

And all had welcome true, 
The poor from the gates were not chidden 

When this old cap was new. 

— [Old Song. 



102 A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

(1) Nothing in England exercises a more delightful 
spell over my imagination, than the lingerings of the 
holiday customs and rural games of former times. (2) 
They recall the pictures my fancy used to draw in the 
May morning of life, when as yet I only knew the world 
through books, and believed it to be all that poets had 
painted it ; and they bring with them the flavor of those 
honest days of yore, in which, perhaps, with equal fallacy, 
I am apt to think the world was more home-bred, social, 
and joyous than at present. (3) I regret to say that 
they are daily growing more and more faint, being grad- 
ually worn away by time, but still more obliterated by 
modern fashion. (4) They resemble those picturesque 
morsels of Gothic architecture, which we see crumbling 
in various parts of the country, partly dilapidated by the 
waste of ages, and partly lost in the additions and alter- 
ations of later days. (5) Poetry, however, clings with 
cherishing fondness about the usual game and holiday 
revel, from which it has derived so many of its themes — 
as the ivy winds its rich foliage about the Gothic arch 
and mouldering tower, gratefully repaying their support, 
by clasping together their tottering remains, and, as it 
were, embalming them in verdure. 

(6) Of all the old festivals, however, that of Christmas 
awakens the strongest and most heartfelt associations. 
(7) There is a tone of solemn and sacred feeling that 
blends with our conviviality, and lifts the spirit to a state 
of hallowed and elevated enjoyment. (8) The services 
of the church about this season are extremely tender and 
inspiring. (9) They dwell on the beautiful story of the 
origin of our faith, and the pastoral scenes that accom- 
panied its announcement. (10) They gradually increase 
in fervor and pathos during the season of Advent, until 
they break forth in full jubilee on the morning that 
brought peace and good-will to men. (11) I do not 
know a grander effect of music on the moral feelings, 
than to hear the full choir and the pealing organ perform- 
ing a Christmas anthem in a cathedral, and Ailing every 
part of the vast pile with triumphant harmony. 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 1 Q3 

(12) It is a beautiful arrangement, also, derived from 
days of yore, that this festival, which commemorates the 
announcement of the religion of peace and love, has been 
made the season for gathering together of family connec- 
tions, and drawing closer again those bands of kindred 
hearts, which the cares and pleasures and sorrows of the 
world are continually operating to cast loose ; of calling 
back the children of a family, who have launched forth 
in life, and wandered widely asunder, once more to 
assemble about the paternal hearth, that rallying place of 
the affections, there to grow young and loving again 
among the endearing mementos of childhood. 

(13) There is something in the very season of the year 
that gives a charm to the festivity of Christmas. (14) 
At other times we derive a great portion of our pleasure 
from the mere beauties of nature. (15) Our feelings 
sally forth and dissipate themselves over the sunny land- 
scape, and w^e " live abroad and everywhere." (16) The 
song of the bird, the murmur of the stream, the breathing 
fragrance of spring, the soft voluptuousness of summer, 
the golden pomp of autumn ; earth with its mantle of 

■ refreshing green, and heaven with its deep delicious blue 
and its cloudy magnificence, all fill us with mute but 
exquisite delight, and we revel in the luxury of mere 
sensation. (17) But in the depth of winter, when nature 
lies despoiled of every charm, and wrapped in her shroud 
of sheeted snow, we turn for our gratifications to moral 
sources. (18) The dreariness and desolation of the land- 
scape, the short gloomy days and darksome nights, while 
they circumscribe our wanderings, shut in our feelings 
also from rambling abroad, and make us more keenly 
disposed for the pleasure of the social circle. (19) Our 
thoughts are more concentrated ; our friendly sympathies 
more aroused. (20) We feel more sensibly the charm of 
each other's society, and are brought more closely 
together by dependence on each other for enjoyment. 
(21) Heart calleth unto heart ; and we draw our pleasure 
from the deep wells of loving-kindness, which lie in the 



104 A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

quiet recesses of our bosoms ; and which, when resorted 
to, furnish forth the pure element of domestic felicity. 
(22) The pitchy gloom without makes the heart dilate 
on entering the room filled with the glow and warmth of 
the evening fire. (23) The ruddy blaze diffuses an arti- 
ficial summer and sunshine through the room, and 
lights up each countenance in a kindlier welcome. (24) 
Where does the honest face of hospitality expand into a 
broader and more cordial smile — where is the shy glance 
of love more sweetly eloquent — than by the winter fire- 
side ? and as the hollow blast of wintry wind rushes 
through the hall, claps the distant door, whistles about 
the casement, and rumbles about the chimney, what can 
be more grateful than the feeling of sober and sheltered 
security, with which we look round upon the comfort- 
able chamber and the scene of domestic hilarity. 

(25) The English, from the great prevalence of rural 
habit throughout every class of society, have always been 
fond of those festivals and holidays which agreeably 
interrupt the stillness of country life ; and they were, in 
former days, particularly observant of the religious and 
social rites of Christmas. (26) It is inspiring to read 
even the dry details which some antiquarians have given 
of the quaint humors, the burlesque pageants, the com- 
plete abandonment to mirth and good fellowship, with 
which this festival was celebrated. (27) It seemed to 
throw open every door, and unlock every heart. (28) 
It brought the peasant and the peer together, and blended 
all ranks in one warm, generous flow of joy and kindness. 
(29) The old halls of castles and manor-houses resounded 
with the harp and the Christmas carol, and their ample 
boards groaned under the weight of hospitality. (30) 
Even the poorest cottage welcomed the festive season 
with green decorations of bay and holly — the cheerful 
fire glanced its rays through the lattice, inviting the 
passengers to raise the latch, and join the gossip knot 
huddled round the hearth, beguiling the long evenings 
with legendary jokes and oft-told Christmas tales. 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 105 

(31) One of the least pleasing effects of modern refine- 
ment is the havoc it has made among the hearty old holi- 
day customs. (32) It has completely taken off the sharp 
touchings and spirited reliefs of these embellishments of 
life, and has worn down society into a more smooth and 
polished, but certainly a less characteristic surface. (33) 
Many of the games and ceremonials of Christmas have 
entirely disappeared, and, like the sherris sack of old 
Falstaff, are become matters of speculation and dispute 
among commentators. (34) They flourished in times full 
of spirit and lustihood, when men enjoyed life roughly, 
but heartily and vigorously ; times wild and picturesque, 
which have furnished poetry with its richest materials, 
and the drama with its most attractive variety of char- 
acters and manners. (35) The world has become more 
worldly. (36) There is more of dissipation and less of 
enjoyment. (37) Pleasure has expanded into a broader, 
but a shallower stream ; and has forsaken many of those 
deep and quiet channels where it flowed sweetly through 
the calm bosom of domestic life. (38) Society has 
acquired a more enlightened and elegant tone ; but it has 
lost many of its strong local peculiarities, its home-bred 
feelings, its honest fireside delights. (39) The tradition- 
ary customs of golden-hearted antiquity, its feudal hos- 
pitalities, and lordly wassailings, have passed away with 
the baronial castles and stately manor-houses in which 
they were celebrated. (40) They comported with the 
shadowy hall, the great oaken gallery, and the tapestried 
parlor, but are unfitted to the light showy saloons and 
gay drawing rooms of the modern villa. 

(41) Shorn, however, as it is, of its ancient and festive 
honors, Christmas is still a period of delightful excite- 
ment in England. (42) It is gratifying to see that home 
feeling completely aroused which holds so powerful a 
place in every English bosom. (43) The preparation 
making on every side for the social board that is to unite 
friends and kindred ; the presents of good cheer passing 
and repassing, those tokens of regard, and quickness of 
kind feeling ; the evergreens distributed about houses 



106 A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

and churches, emblems of peace and gladness; all these 
have the most pleasing effect in producing fond associa- 
tions, and kindling benevolent sympathies. (44) Even 
the sound of the Waits, rude as may be their minstrelsy, 
breaks upon the mid-watches of a winter night with the 
effect of perfect harmony. (45) As I have been awak- 
ened by them in that still and solemn hour, " when deep 
sleep falleth upon man," I have listened with a hushed 
delight, and, connecting them with the sacred and joyous 
occasion, have almost fancied them into another celestial 
choir, announcing peace and good-will to mankind. 

(46) How delightfully the imagination, when wrought 
upon by these moral influences, turns everything to mel- 
lody and beauty ! (47) The very crowing of the cock, 
heard sometimes in the profound repose of the country, 
u telling the night watches to his feathery dames," was 
thought by the common people to announce the approach 
of this sacred festival. 

(48) " Some say that ever 'gainst that season comes 
Wherein our Saviour's birth is celebrated, 
This bird of dawning singeth all night long; 
And then, they say, no spirit dares stir abroad ; 
The nights are wholesome — then no planets strike, 
No fairy takes, no witch hath power to charm, 
* So hallow'd and so gracious is the time." 
(49) Amidst the general call to happiness, the bustle 
of the spirits, and the stir of the affections, which pre- 
vail at this period, w T hat bosom can remain insensible ? 
(50) It is indeed the season of regenerated feeling — the 
season for kindling not merely the fire of hospitality in 
the hall but the genial flame of charity in the heart. 

(51) The scene of early love again rises green to 
memory beyond the sterile waste of years; and the idea 
of home, fraught with the fragrance of home-dwelling 
joys, reanimates the spirit ; as the Arabian breeze will 
sometimes waft the freshness of the distant fields to the 
weary pilgrim of the desert. 

(52) Stranger and sojourner as I am in the land — 
though for me no social hearth may blaze, no hospitable 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH, 107 

roof throw open its doors, nor the warm grasp of friend- . 
ship welcome me at the threshold — yet I feel the influence 
of the season beaming into my soul from the happy looks 
of those around me. (53) Surely happiness is reflective, 
like the light of heaven ; and every countenance bright 
with smiles, and glowing with innocent enjoyment, is a 
mirror transmitting to others the rays of a supreme and 
ever-shining benevolence. (54) He who can turn churl- 
ishly away from contemplating the felicity of his fellow- 
beings, and can sit down darkling and repining in his 
loneliness when all around is joyful, may have his 
moments of strong excitement and selfish gratifications, 
but he wants the genial and social sympathies which 
constitute the charm of a merry Christmas. 



THE VILLAGE OF GRAND PRE. 

In the Acadian land, on the shores of the Basin of Minas, 
Distant, secluded, still, the little village of Grand Pr6 
Lay in the fruitful valley. Yast meadows stretched to 

the eastward, 
Giving the village its name, and pasture to flocks with- 
out number. 
Dikes, that the hands of the farmers had raised, with 

labor incessant, 
Shut out the turbulent tides ; but at stated seasons the 

flood-gates 
Opened, and welcomed the sea to wander at will o'er the 

meadows. 
West and south, there were fields of flax, and orchards 

and cornfields 
Spreading afar and unfenced o'er the plain ; and away to 

the northward 
Blomidon rose, and the forests old, and aloft on the 

mountains 
Sea-fogs pitched their tents, and mists from the mighty 

Atlantic 



108 A DRILL BOOK IJST THE 

Looked on the happy valley, but ne'er from their station 

descended. 
There, in the midst of its farms, reposed the Acadian 

village. 
Strongly built were the houses, with frames of oak and 

of chestnut, 
Such as the peasants of Normandy built in the reign of 

the Henries. 
Thatched were the roofs, with dormer-windows ; and 

gables projecting 
Over the basement below, protected and shaded the 

doorway. 
There, in the tranquil evenings of summer, when brightly 

the sunset 
Lighted the village street, and gilded the vanes on the 

chimneys, 
Matrons and maidens sat, in snow-white caps, and in 

kirtles, 
Scarlet and blue and green, with distaffs spinning the 

golden 
Flax for the gossiping looms, whose noisy shuttles within 

doors 
Mingled their sound with the whir of the wheels and the 

songs of the maidens. 
Solemnly down the street came the parish priest, and the 

children 
Paused in their play to kiss the hand he extended to bless 

them. 
Reverend walked he among them ; and up rose matrons 

and maidens, 
Hailing his slow approach with words of affectionate 

welcome. 
Then came the laborers home from the field, and serenely 

the sun sank 
Down to his rest, and twilight prevailed. Anon from 

the belfry, 
Softly the Angelus sounded, and over the roofs of the 

village 
Columns of pale blue smoke, like clouds of incense 

ascending, 






ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 109 

Rose from a hundred hearths, the homes of peace and 

contentment. 
Thus dwelt together, in love, these simple Acadian 

farmers, — 
Dwelt in the lo?e of God and of man. Alike were they 

free from 
Fear, that reigns with the tyrant, and envy, the vice of 

republics. 
Neither locks had they to their doors, nor bars to their 

windows ; 
But their dwellings were open as day and the hearts of 

their owners ; 
There, the richest was poor, and the poorest lived in 

abundance. 



BOSTON MINISTERED TO BY THE CONTI- 
NENT. 

(1) " I have just seen the governor of Massachusetts," 
wrote the king to Lord North, at the end of their inter- 
view, " and I am now well convinced the province will 
soon submit," and he gloried in the efficacy of his favor- 
ite measure, the Boston port-act. (2) But as soon as the 
true character of that act became known in America, 
every colony, every city, every village, and, as it were, 
the inmates of every farm-house, felt it as a w T ound of 
their affections. (3) The towns of Massachusetts 
abounded in kind offices. (4) The Colonies vied with 
each other in liberality. (5) The record kept at Boston 
shows that "the patriotic and generous people" of South 
Carolina were the first to minister to the sufferers, send- 
ing, early in June, two hundred barrels of rice, and 
promising eight hundred more. (6) At Wilmington, 
North Carolina, the sum of two thousand pounds cur- 
rency was raised in a few days ; the women of the place 
gave liberally ; Parker Quince offered his vessel to carry 
a load of provisions freight free, and master and mari- 



HO A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

ners volunteered to navigate her without wages. (7) 
Lord North had called the American union a rope of 
sand ; " it is a rope of sand that will hang him," said 
the people of Wilmington. 

(8) Hartford was the first place in Connecticut to 
pledge its assistance ; but the earliest donation received, 
was two hundred and fifty-eight sheep from Windham. 
(9) " The taking away of civil liberty will involve the 
ruin of religious liberty also," wrote the ministers of 
Connecticut to the ministers of Boston, cheering them to 
bear their heavy load " with vigorous fortitude and reso- 
lution." (10) " While we complain to Heaven and earth 
of the cruel oppression we are under, we ascribe right- 
eousness to God," was the answer. (11) " The surpris- 
ing union of the colonies affords encouragement. (12) 
It is an inexhaustible source of comfort that the Lord 
God omnipotent reigneth." 

(13) The small parish of Brooklyn, in Connecticut, 
through their Committee, of which Israel Putnam was a 
member, opened a correspondence with Boston. (14) 
" Tour zeal in favor of liberty," they said, "has gained 
a name that shall perish but with the glorious constella- 
tions of heaven ; " and they made an offering of flocks 
of sheep and lambs. (15) Throughout New England 
the towns sent rye, flour, peas, cattle, sheep, oil, fish ; 
whatever land or sea could furnish, and sometimes gifts 
of money. (16) The French inhabitants of Quebec, join- 
ing with those of English origin, shipped a thousand and 
forty bushels of wheat. 

(IT) Delaware was so much in earnest, that it devised 
plans for sending relief annually. (18) A special chron- 
icle could hardly enumerate all the generous deeds. (19) 
Maryland and Virginia contributed liberally ; being 
resolved that the men of Boston, who were deprived of 
their daily labor, should not lose their daily bread, nor 
be compelled to change their residence for want. (20) 
Washington headed a subscription paper with a gift of 
fifty pounds ; and he presided at a convention of Fairfax 
county, where twenty-four very comprehensive resolu- 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. HI 

tions, which had been drafted by George Mason, and 
carefully revised and corrected by a committee, were, 
with but one dissentient voice, adopted by the free- 
holders and inhabitants. (21) They derived the settle- 
ment of Virginia from a solemn compact with the crown, 
conceded no right of legislation to the British parlia- 
ment, acknowledged only a conditional acquiescence in 
the acts of navigation, enumerated the various infringe- 
ments of American rights, proposed non-importatioo, 
and, if necessary, non-exportation, as a means of tempo- 
rary resistance, urged the appointment of a congress of 
deputies from all the colonies, and recommended that 
that congress should conjure the king " not to reduce his 
faithful subjects to a state of desperation, and to reflect, 
that from their sovereign there could be but one appeal." 
(22) As to the farther importation of slaves, their words 
were : " We take this opportunity of declaring our most 
earnest wishes to see an entire stop forever put to such 
a wicked, cruel, and unnatural trade." (23) These 
resolves, which expressed the " sense of the people of 
Fairfax county," were ordered to be presented to the 
first convention of Virginia. (24) " We are not con- 
tending against paying a duty of threepence per pound 
on tea as burthensome," said Washington ; " No, it is 
the right only, that we have all along disputed." 

(25) Beyond the Blue Ridge, the hardy emigrants on 
the banks of the Shenandoah, many of them Germans, 
met at Woodstock, and with Muhlenberg, then a clergy- 
man, soon to be a military chief, devoted themselves to 
the cause of liberty. (26) Higher up the Valley of Vir- 
ginia, where the plow already vied with the rifle, and the 
hardy hunters, not always ranging the hills with their 
dogs for game, had also begun to till the soil, the sum- 
mer of that year ripened the wheat-fields of the pioneers, 
not for themselves alone. (27) When the sheaves had 
been harvested, and the corn threshed and ground in a 
country as yet poorly provided with barns or mills, the 
backwoodsmen of Augusta county, without any pass 
through the mountains that could be called a road, noise- 



112 A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

lessly and modestly delivered at Frederick, one hundred 
and thirty-seven barrels of flour, as their remittance to 
Boston. (28) Cheered by the universal sympathy, the 
inhabitants of that town were determined to hold out 
and appeal to the justice of the colonies and of the 
world ;" trusting in God that " these things should be 
overruled for the establishment of liberty, virtue and 
happiness in America." 



OLD CHINA. 

(1) I have an almost feminine partiality for old china. 
(2) When I go to see any great house, I inquire for the 
china-closet, and next for the picture-gallery. (3) I can- 
not defend the order of the preference, but by saying, 
that we have all some taste or other, of too ancient a 
date to admit of our remembering distinctly that it was 
an acquired one. (4) I can call to mind the first play 
and the first exhibition that I was taken to ; but I am 
not conscious of a time when china jars and saucers were 
introduced into my imagination. 

(5) I had no repugnance then — why should I now 
have ? — to those little, lawless, azure-tinctured grotesques, 
that under the notion of men and women float about 
uncircumscribed by any element, in that world before 
perspective — a china tea cup. 

(6) I like to see my old friends — whom distance can- 
not diminish — figuring up in the air, (so they appear to 
our optics,) yet on terra firma still — for so we must in 
courtesy interpret that speck of deeper blue — which the 
decorous artist, to prevent absurdity, has made to spring 
up beneath their sandals. 

(7) I love the men with women's faces, and the women, 
if possible, with still more w r omanish expressions. 

(8) Here is a young and courtly mandarin, handing 
tea to a lady from a salver — two miles off. (9) See how 
distance seems to set off respect ! (10) And here the 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. ^3 

same lady, or another — for likeness is identity on tea cups 
— is stepping into a little fairy boat, moored on the 
hither side of this calm garden river, with a dainty, 
mincing foot, which in a right angle of incidence (as 
angles go in our world) must infallibly land her in the 
midst of a flowery mead — a furlong off on the other side 
of the same strange stream ! 

(11) Farther on — if far or near can be predicated of 
their world — see horses, trees, pagodas, dancing the hays. 
(12) Here — a cow and rabbit couchant,and co-extensive, 
so objects show, seen through the lucid asmosphere of 
fine Cathay. 

(13) I was pointing out to my cousin last evening, 
over our Hyson (which we are old-fashioned enough to 
drink unmixed still of an afternoon), some of these spe- 
ciosa miracula upon a set of extraordinary old blue 
china (a recent purchase) which we were now for the 
first time using ; and could not help remarking how fa- 
vorable circumstances had been to us of late years, that 
we could afford to please the eye sometimes with trifles 
of this sort when a passing sentiment seemed to over- 
shade the brows of my companion. (14) I am quick at 
detecting these summer clouds in Bridget. 

(15) " I w r ish the good old times would come again," 
she said, " when we were not quite so rich. (16) I do 
not mean that I want to be poor ; but there was a middle 
state " — so she was pleased to ramble on — u in which I 
am sure we were a great deal happier. (17) A purchase 
is but a purchase, now that you have money enough and 
to spare. (18) Formerly it used to be a triumph. (19) 
When we coveted a cheap luxury (and, oh ! how much 
ado I had to get you to consent in those times !) we were 
used to have a debate two or three days before, and to 
weigh the for and against, and think what we might 
spare it out of, and what saving we could hit upon, that 
should be an equivalent. (20) A thing was W T orth buy- 
ing then, when we felt the money that we paid for it. 

(21) " Do you remember the brown suit which you 
made to hang upon you till all your friends cried shame 
(8) 



114 A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

upon you, it grew so threadbare — and all because of that 
folio Beaumont and Fletcher, which you dragged home 
late at night from Barker's in Covent Garden ? (22) 
Do you remember how we eyed it for weeks before we 
could make up our minds to the purchase, and had not 
come to a determination till it was near ten o'clock of the 
Saturday night, when you set off from Islington, fearing 
you should be too late — and when the old bookseller, with 
some grumbling, opened his shop, and by the twinkling 
taper (for he was setting bedward) lighted out the relic 
from his dusty treasures — and when you lugged it home, 
wishing it was twice as cumbersome — and when you 
presented it to me — and when we were exploring the 
perfectness of it (collating you called it) — and while I 
was repairing some of the loose leaves with paste, which 
your impatience would not suffer to be left till day-break 
— was there no pleasure in being a poor man ? or can 
those neat black clothes which you wear now, and are so 
careful to keep brushed, since we have become rich and 
finical, give you half the honest vanity with which you 
flaunted it about in that over-worn suit — your old corbeau 
— for four or live weeks longer than you should have done, 
to pacify your conscience for the mighty sum of fifteen 
— or sixteen shillings, was it ? — a great affair we thought 
it then — which you had lavished on the old folio. (23) 
Now you can afford to buy any book that pleases you, 
but I do not see that you ever bring me home any nice 
old purchase now. 

(24) " When you came home with twenty apologies 
for laying out a less number of shillings upon that print 
after Leonardo, which we christened the i Lady Blanch ;' 
w r hen you looked at the purchase, and thought of the 
money — and thought of the money, and looked again at 
the picture — was there no pleasure in being a poor man ? 
(25) Now, you have nothing to do but to walk into Col- 
naghi's and buy a wilderness of Leonardos. (26) Yet 
do you ? 

(27) "Then do you remember our pleasant walks to 
Enfield, and Potter's Bar, and Waltham, when we had a 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. H5 

holiday — holidays, and all other fun, are gone, now we 
are rich — and the little hand-basket in which I used to 
deposit our day's fare of savory cold lamb and salad — 
and how you would pry about at noontide for some decent 
house, where w r e might go in and produce our store — 
only paying for the ale that you must call for — and 
speculate upon the looks of the landlady, and whether 
she w r as likely to allow us a table-cloth — and wish for 
such another honest hostess as Izaak Walton has described 
many a one on the pleasant banks of the Lea, w r hen he 
went a fishing — and sometimes they would prove obliging 
enough, and sometimes they would look grudgingly upon 
us — but we had cheerful looks still for one another, and 
would eat our plain food savorily, scarcely grudging 
Piscator his Trout Hall ? (28) Now — when we go out a 
day's pleasuring, which is seldom moreover, we ride part 
of the way — and go into a fine inn, and order the best 
of dinners, never debating the expense — which, after all, 
never has half the relish of those chance country snaps, 
when we were at the mercy of uncertain usage and a pre- 
carious welcome. 

(29) " You are too proud to see a play anywhere now 
but in the pit. (30) JDo you remember where it was we 
used to sit when we saw the Battle of Hexham, and the 
Surrender of Calais, and Bannister and Mrs. Bland in 
the Children of the Wood — when we squeezed out our 
shillings apiece to sit three or four times in a season in 
the one-shilling gallery — where you felt all the time that 
you ought not to have brought me — and more strongly I 
felt obligation to you for having brought me — and the 
pleasure was the better for a little shame — and when the 
curtain drew up what cared we for our place in the house, 
or what mattered it w T here we were sitting, when our 
thoughts were with Rosalind in Arden, or with Viola at 
the court of Illyria ? (31) You used to say that the 
gallery was the best place of all for enjoying a play 
socially — that the relish of such exhibitions must be in 
proportion to the infrequency of going — that the com- 
pany we met there, not being in general readers of plays, 



116 A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

were obliged to attend the more, and did attend to what 
was going on, on the stage — because a word lost would 
have been a chasm which it was impossible for them to 
fill up. (32) With such reflections we consoled our pride 
then, — and I appeal to you whether, as a woman, I met 
generally with less attention and accommodation than I 
have done since in more expensive situations in the house ? 
(33) The getting in indeed, and the crowding up those 
inconvenient staircases, was bad enough — but there was 
still a law of civility to women recognized to quite as 
great an extent as we ever found in the other passages — 
and how a little difficulty overcome heightened the snug 
seat and the play afterward ! (34) Now we can only 
pay our money, and walk in. (35) You cannot see, you 
say, in the galleries now. (36) I am sure we saw, and 
heard, too, well enough then — but sight, and all, I think, 
is gone with our poverty. 

(37) "There was pleasure in eating strawberries before 
they became quite common — in the first dish of peas, 
while they were yet dear — to have them for a nice sup- 
per, a treat. (38) What treat can we have now ? (39) 
If we were to treat ourselves now — that is, to have dain- 
ties a little above our means, it would be selfish and 
wicked. (40) It is the very little more that we allow our- 
selves beyond what the actual poor can get at, that makes 
what I call a treat — when two people living together, as 
we have done, now and then indulge themselves in a cheap 
luxury, which both like ; while each apologizes, and is 
willing to take both halves of the blame to his single 
share. (41) I see no harm in people making much of 
themselves in that sense of the word. (42) It may give 
them a hint how to make much of others. (43) But 
now — what I mean by the word — -we never do make 
much of ourselves. (44) None but the poor can do it. 
(45) I do not mean the veriest poor of all, but persons 
as we were, just above poverty. 

(46) " I know what you were going to say, that it is 
mighty pleasant at the end of a year to make all meet — 
and much ado we used to have every thirty-first night of 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. HJ 

December to account for our exceedings — many a long 
face did you make over your puzzled accounts, and in 
contriving to make it out how we had spent so much — or 
that we had not spent so much — or that it was impossible 
that we should spend so much next year — and still we 
found our slender capital decreasing — but then, between 
ways, and projects, and compromises of one sort or 
another, and talking of curtailing this charge, and doing 
without that for the future, and the hope that youth 
brings, and laughing spirits, (in which you were never 
poor till now,) we pocketed up our loss, and in conclu- 
sion, with 'lusty brimmers,' (as you used to quote it out 
of hearty, cheerful Mr. Cotton, as you called him,) we 
used to welcome in the 'coming guest.' (47) Now we 
have no reckoning at all at the end of the old year — no 
flattering promises about the new year doing better for 
us." 

(48) Bridget is so sparing of her speech on most occa- 
sions, that when she gets into a rhetorical vein, I am 
careful how I interrupt it. (49) I could not help, how- 
ever, smiling at the phantom of wealth w r hich her dear 
imagination had conjured up out of a clear income of 
poor — hundred pounds a year. (50) " It is true we w T ere 
happier when we were poorer, but we were also younger, 
my cousin. (51) I am afraid we must put up with the 
excess, for if we were to shake the superflux into the 
sea, w T e should not much mend ourselves. (52) That we 
had much to struggle with as we grew up together, we 
have reason to be most thankful. (53) It strengthened 
and knit our compact closer. (54) We could never have 
been what we have been to each other if we had always 
had the sufficiency which you now complain of. (55) The 
resisting power — those natural dilations of the youthful 
spirit, which circumstances cannot straiten — with us are 
long since passed away. (56) Competence to age is sup- 
plementary youth, a sorry supplement indeed, but I fear 
the best that is to be had. (57) We must ride, where we 
formerly walked; live better and lie softer — and shall be 
wise to do so — than we had means to do in those °;ocd 



118 A DBILL BOOK IN THE 

old days you speak of. (58) Yet could those days return 
— could you and I once more walk our thirty miles a day 
— could Bannister and Mrs. Bland again be young, and 
you and I be young to see them — could the good old one- 
shilling gallery days return — they are dreams, my cousin, 
now — but could you and I at this moment, instead of this 
quiet argument by our well-carpeted fireside, sitting on 
this luxurious sofa, be once more struggling up those 
inconvenient staircases, pushed about and squeezed, and 
elbowed by the poorest rabble of poor gallery scramblers 
— could I once more hear those anxious shrieks of yours 
— and the delicious Thank God, we are safe, which 
always followed when the topmost stair, conquered, let in 
the first light of the whole cheerful theater down beneath 
us, I know not the fathom line that ever touched a 
descent so deep as I would be willing to bury more 

wealth in than Croesus had, or the great Jew It is 

supposed to have, to purchase it. (59) And now do just 
look at that merry little Chinese waiter holding an 
umbrella, big enough for a bed-tester, over the head of 
that pretty, insipid, half-Madonaish chit of a lady in that 
very blue summer house." 



THE SKY. 

(1) It is a strange thing how little in general people 
know about the sky. (2) It is the part of creation in 
which nature has done more for the sake of pleasing man, 
more for the sole and evident purpose of talking to him 
and teaching him, than in any other of her works, and it 
is just the part in which we least attend to her. (3) 
There are not many of her other works in which some 
more material or essential purpose than the mere pleasing 
of man, is not answered by every part of her organiza- 
tion ; but every essential purpose of the sky might, so far 
as we know, be answered, if once in three days or there- 
abouts, a great ugly black rain cloud were brought up over 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 1 ] 9 

the blue, and everything well watered, and so all left blue 
again till next time, with perhaps a film of morning and 
evening mist for dew. (4) And instead of this, there is 
not a moment of any day of our lives, when nature is not 
producing scene after scene, picture after picture, glory 
after glory, and working still upon such exquisite and 
constant principles of the most perfect beauty, that it is 
quite certain it is all done for us, and intended for our 
perpetual pleasure. (5) And every man, wherever placed, 
however far from other sources of interest or of beauty, 
has this doing for him constantly. (6) The noblest scenes 
of earth can be seen and known but by few ; it is not 
intended that man should live always in the midst of 
them, he injures them by his presence, he ceases to feel 
them if he be always with them : but the sky is for all ; 
bright as it is, it is not " too bright nor good for human 
nature's daily food ;" it is fitted in all its functions for the 
perpetual comfort and exalting of the heart, for the 
soothing it and purifying it from its dross and dust. 

(7) Sometimes gentle, sometimes capricious, sometimes 
awful, never the same for two moments together; almost 
human in its passions, almost spiritual in its tenderness, 
almost divine in its infinity, its appeal to what is immortal 
in us, is as distinct as its ministry of chastisement or of 
blessing to what is mortal is essential. (8) And yet we 
never attend to it, we never make it a subject of thought, 
but as it has to do with our animal sensations : we look 
upon all by which it speaks to us more clearly than to 
brutes, upon all which bears witness to the intention of 
the Supreme, that we are to receive more from the cover- 
ing vault than the light and the dew which we share with 
the weed and worm, only as a succession of meaningless 
and monotonous accident, too common and too vain to be 
worthy of a moment of watchfulness, or a glance 
of admiration. 

(9) If in our moments of utter idleness and insipidity 
we turn to the sky as a last resource, which of its phe- 
nomena do we speak of? (10) One says it has been wet, 



120 A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

and another it has been windy, and another it has been 
warm. (11) Who among the whole chattering crowd 
can tell me of the forms and precipices of the chain of 
tall, white mountains that girded the horizon at noon yes- 
terday ? (12) Who saw the narrow sunbeam that came 
out of the south and smote upon their summits until they 
melted and mouldered away in a dust of blue rain ? (13) 
Who saw the dance of the dead clouds when the sunlight 
left them last night, and the west wind blew them before 
it like withered leaves ? (14) All has passed unregretted 
as unseen ; or, if the apathy be ever shaken off, even for 
an instant, it is only by what is gross, or what is extra- 
ordinary ; and yet it is not in the broad and fierce mani- 
festations of the elemental energies, not in the clash of 
the hail, nor the drift of the whirlwind, that the highest 
characters of the sublime are developed. (15) Grod is 
not in the earthquake, nor in the fire, but in the still 
small voice. (16) They are but the blunt and low facul- 
ties of our nature, which can only be addressed through 
lampblack and lightning. (17) It is in quiet and subdued 
passages of unobtrusive majesty, the deep, and the calm, 
and the perpetual — that which must be sought ere it is 
seen, and loved ere it is understood — things which the 
angels work out for us daily, and yet vary eternally, which 
are never wanting, and never repeated, which are to be 
found always, yet each found but once ; it is through 
these that the lesson of devotion is chiefly taught, and the 
blessing of beauty given. (18) These are what the artist 
of highest aim must study ; it is these, by the combination 
of which his ideal is to be created ; these of which so 
little notice is ordinarily taken by common observers, that 
I fully believe, little as people in general are concerned 
with art, more of their ideas of sky are derived from 
pictures than from reality, and that if we could examine 
the conception formed in the minds of most educated 
persons when we talk of clouds, it would frequently be 
found composed of fragments of blue and white reminis- 
cences of the old masters. 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 121 

(19) " The chasm above my head 
Is Heaven's profoundest azure. (20) No domain 
For fickle, short-lived clouds, to occupy, 
Or to pass through ; but rather an abyss 
In which the everlasting stars abide, 
And whose soft gloom, and boundless depth, might tempt 
The curious. eye to look for them by day." 

(21) And in his American Notes, I remember Dickens 
notices the same truth, describing himself as lying drowsily 
on the barge deck, looking not at, but through the sky. 
(22) And if you look intensely at the pure blue of a serene 
sky, you will see that there is a variety and fullness in its 
very repose. (23) It is not flat, dead color, but a deep, 
quivering, transparent body of penetrable air, in which 
you trace or imagine short, falling spots of deceiving 
light, and dim shades, faint, veiled vestiges of dark vapor. 

(24) It seems to me that in the midst of the material 
nearness of the heavens, God means us to acknowledge 
His own immediate presence as visiting, judging and 
blessing us. (25) "The earth shook, the heavens also 
dropped, at the presence of God." (26) "He doth set 
his bow in the cloud," and thus renews, in the sound of 
every drooping swathe of rain, his promises of everlasting 
love. (27) In them hath he set a tabernacle for the 
sun ;" whose burning ball, which without the firmament 
would be seen as an intolerable and scorching circle in the 
blackness of vacuity, is by that firmament surrounded 
with gorgeous service, and tempered by mediatorial min- 
istries ; by the firmament of clouds, the golden pavement 
is spread for his chariot wheels at morning ; by the fir- 
mament of clouds the temple is built for his presence to 
fill with light at noon ; by the firmament of clouds the 
purple veil is closed at evening round the sanctuary of 
his rest ; by the mists of the firmament his implacable 
light is divided, and its separated fierceness appeased into 
the soft blue that fills the depth of distance with its 
bloom, and the flush with which the mountains burn as 
they drink the overflowing of the dayspring. (28) And 



122 A DRILL BOOK IN THE 

in this tabernacling of the unendurable sun with men, 
through the shadows of the firmament, God would seem 
to set forth the stooping of His own majesty to men, 
upon the throne of the firmament. (29) As the Creator 
of all the worlds, and the Inhabiter of eternity, we can- 
not behold Him ; but as the Judge of the earth and the 
Preserver of men, those heavens are indeed His dwell- 
ing place. (30) " Swear not, neither by heaven, for it is 
God's throne, nor by the earth, for it is his footstool." 
(31) And all those passings to and fro of fruitful shower 
and grateful shade, and all those visions of silver palaces 
built about the horizon, and voices of moaning winds and 
threatening thunders, and glories of colored robe and 
cloven ray, are but to deepen in our hearts the accept- 
ance, and distinctness, and dearness of the simple words, 
'* Our Father which art in heaven." 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 



123 



ROOTS OF ENGLISH WORDS 



WITH THEIR 



Meanings and Most Common Prefixes. 



The Eoots herein given have been gathered from 
the Selections contained in the book, and from 
a few grammatical terms in common use. 

Let the Boots be learned as they occur in the Selections used. 





1 




4 


In 


amat, 


Aph 


aeresis, 


Co 


al. 


Un 


em, 


Di 


eresis, 


Ex 


alt, 




im, 


Syn 


to take with 


In 


alesc, 




m. 




the hand, 




to nour- 




to love. 




a taking. 




ish, to 
grow* 




8 




2 




high. 


Ante 


ambul, 


Amb 


ag, 






Circum 


ambulat, 


Co 


act, 




5 


De 


ambl, 


Counter 


agit, 


Ab 


ali, 


Ob 


to walk. 


En 


agitat, 


Ad 


alien, 


Per 




Ex 


agul, 


In 


alien at, 


Pre 




In 


agulat, 


Sub 


altern, 






Over 


amin 


Un 


alternat, 




9 


Pro(d) 


aminat, 




other. 


Ev=eu 


angel, 


Re 


ig> 








a messen 


Trans 


S3 




6 




ger. 


Under 


g^, 


En 


allax, 








to put in 


Para 


allact, 




10 




motion, to 




allag, 




anger, 




do. 




to change, 
a change. 




angu, 
anxi, 




p 








pai?i. 


Apo 


agog, 










Para 


a leader, a 




7 




11 


Syn 


leading. 


En 


am, 


Dis 


anim, 






124 



A BRILL BOOK IN THE 



Ex 


animat, 




17 




an inter- 


In 


life. 




ard, 




diction. 


Ee 






ars, 

to burn. 




25 




12 






De 


barg, 


Bi 


ann, 




18 


Em 


bark, 


Cent 


emn, 




ardu, 




barqu, 


Dec 


enn, 




steep, 




a small 


Mill 


a year. 








boat. 


Oct 












Per 






19 




26 


Quadr 




Dis 


arm, 


A 


bas, 


Quinqu 




Pore 


a weapon. 


De 


bat, 


Semi 




Un 




Em 


to step 


Sept 






20 


Hyper 




Sex 




De 


articl, 






Super 




Ex 


articul, 




27 


Tri 




In 


a little 


A 


bat, 








joint. 


De 


beat, 




13 






Com 


to strike. 


Adv= ab 


ant, 




21 


Em 




V=ab 


anc, 


In 


aud, 


Re 






before. 


Ob 


audit, 




28 








ed, 


For 


bear, 








ey, 


Over 


bor, 




14 




to hear. 


Un 


bir, 


Ad 


apt, 








to carry. 


Co 


aptat, 










In 


ept, 




22 




29 


Un 


to fit. 


Un 


aug, 
auct, 


Em 


bell, 
beau, 




15 




auth, 




handsome 


In 


ar, 




to increase 






Un 


art, 








30 




ert, 






Re 


bell, 




ear, 




23 




bel, 




to plow. 


In 


augur, 
augurat, 




vel, 
war. 




16 




a diviner. 






An 


arch, 








31 


Mon 


to lead. 




24, 


Im 


bib. 


Tetra 




A 


band, 
ban, 




bibit, 
bu, 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 



125 



to drink. 




bys, 




44 






the bottom. 


Ac 


cap, 


32 






Anti 


capt, 


bin, 




39 


Con 


catch, 


bi, 


Ac 


cad, 


De 


cept, 


two by two. 


De 


cas, 


Ex 


ceptat, 




In 


case, 


In 


ceit, 


33 


Mis 


chanc, 


Inter 


ceiv, 


bol, 


Oc 


cid, 


Oc 


cait, 


blem, 


Re 


cay, 


Per 


cbas, 


blemat, 




to fall. 


Pre 


cip, 


m, 






Prin 


cipat, 


to throw. 




40 


Pur 


cup, 




Circum 


caes, 


Re 


cup at, 




Con 


cid, 


Sub 


c, 




De 


cis, 




to take* 


34 


Ex 


to cut. 






bon, 


In 






45 


boun, 


Pre 




Es 


cap, 


boon, 


Re 






cop, 


good. 


Ante 


41 
earner, 




a cap. 


35 




chamber, 




46 


brach, 




a room. 




caper, 


brae, 








capr, 


an arm. 


Ac 


42 
can, 




a goat. 


36 


De 


cant, 




. 4T 


brev, 


Des-dis 


cantat, 




capit, 


briev, 


En 


cent, 


A(d) 


capt, 


brief, 


In 


centuat 


Bi 


cipic,. 


bridg, 


Pre 


chant, 


De 


cipit, 


short. 


Re 


charm, 


Oc 


ciput,. 




Sub 


cinat, 


Pre 


cip, 


37 




to sing. 


Ke 


ceps, 


bur, 








chapt, 


bor, 




43 




chief, 


boor, 


Ac 


cand, 




chiev, 


bower, 


Ex 


cend, 




the head, 


a dwelling 


In 


cens, 
cent, 




48 


38 




to glow. 




car, 


byss, 








char, 



126 



A DBILL BOOK IN THE 





a wagon. 


Pre 

Pro 




Un 


62 




49 


Re 




Eu 


charist, 


Tin 


car, 


Se 




favor. 




char, 


Sue 










cher, 




55 




63 




dear. 


Re 


celebr, 
celebrat 




chol, 
gall. 




50 




famous. 








caud, 








64 




caudat, 




56 


Anti 


christ, 




cue, 


Sub 


celest, 


Un 


anointed. 




queue, 


Super 


heavenly. 








a tail. 






Ana 


65 
chron, 




51 




57 


Anti 


time. 


Ac 


caus, 


Ex 


cell, 


Iso 




Be 


causat, 




eel, 


Meta 




Ex 


cus, 




to impel. 


Syn 




Ee 


cusat, 








66 




a reason. 




58 


Pre 


cing, 






Con 


centr, 


Sue 


cinct, 




52 


Ec 


centrat, 


Sur 


to gird. 


In 


cav, 


Para 


the middle 






Pie 


caut, 








67 


Un 


to beware. 




59 


En 


circ, 






As 


cern, 


Semi 


a ring. 




53 


Con 


cret, 






Con 


ceal, 


De 


creet, 




68 


Oc 


oil, 


Dis 


crim, 


Con 


cit, 




cult, 


Ex 


crimin, 


Ex 


citat, 




to hide. 


In 


crirninat, 


In 


to put into 






Re 


ere, 


Re 


quick mo- 




54 


Se 


cert, 




tion. 


Abs 


ced 


Un 


to sift out. 






Ac 


cess, 








69 


Ante 


ceed, 




60 


In 


civ, 


Con 


ceas, 


Con 


cert, 


Un 


cit, 


De 


to go. 




to strike. 




a citizen. 


Ex 












In 






61 




70 


Inter 




Ex 


chang, 


Ac 


clam, 


Ne 




Inter 


to alter. 


De 


clamat, 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 



127 



claim, 




76 ■ 




83 


to cry out. 


Bis < 


x>ct, 


< 


30pul, 




Con ( 


300k, 




3opulat, 




De ( 


3uit, 




coupl, 




Re 


to cook. 




cobbl, 




Un 






a band. 


71 




77 






clar, 




cod, 




84 


clarat, 




codic, 


Ac 


cord. 


clear, 




the trunk 


Anti 


cour, 


bright. 




of a tree. 


Con 
Dis 


cor, 
heart. 


72 




78 


En 




claud, 


Dis 


cohort, 


Re 




claus, 




court, 






clud, 




an inclos- 




85 


clus, 




ure. 


De 


cor on, 


clos, 






Un 


cor on at, 


clois, 




79 




cor oil, 


to shut. 


Ac 


col, 




crown, 




Un 


colon, 
cult, 
to till. 


Ac 


a crown. 

86 
cost, 


73 




80 


Inter 


coast, 


clement, 


Be 


come, 




a rib. 


mild. 


Forth 


to 








In 


approach. 




87 


74 


Out 




Ac 


count, 


cler, 


Over 




Dis 


to number 


cler^, 


Unc, 




Mis 




clerk, 


Wei 




Re 




a lot, 






Un 




a priest, 




81 




88 


a writer. 


Apo 


cop, 


Dis 


cover, 




Syn 


comm, 


Re 


cur, 


75 




to cut. 


Un 


to over 


clin, 








spread. 


clinat, 




82 






clens, 


Re 


copi 




89 


to cause to 




abund- 


Aristo 


crat, 


bend. 




ance. 


Auto 
Demo 


crac, 
to rule. 



128 
Theo 



Con 

In 

Mis 

Pro 

Ee 

Un 

Ac 

Con 

Dis 

In 

Mis 

Ee 

Un 

De 
In 



A DRILL BOOK IN THE 



Ac 

Con 

De 

Ex 

In 

Ee 

Super 



Dia 

Hyper 

Hypo 



Apo 



90 
creat, 
to cause to 



91 

cred, 

credit, 

creed, 

ere, 

to trust. 



92 
crep, 
crepat, 
crepit, 
crev, 
to rattle. 

93 
cresc, 
creas, 
ere, 
cret, 
cru, 
cruit, 
to grow. 

94 
crit, 
cris, 
to judge. 

95 
cryph, 
crypt, 
to hide. 



Ac 
En 
In 



Ac 
In 
Pro 

S 

Se 

Sine 



Ante 

Con 

De 

Dis 

Ex 

In 

Inter 

Oc 

Pre 

Re 

Sue 

Trans 

Un 



Ac 



96 




102 


cumul, 


Con 


cut, 


cumulat, 


Dis 


cuss, 


cumber, 


Res=re 


cu, 


cumbr, 


+ex 


quash, 


a heap. 




to shake. 


97 




103 


cup, 


Ab 


d, 


cupid, 


Ad 


dat, 


covet, 


Ante 


dit, 


to desire. 


Con 


don, 




E 


donat, 


98 


Par== 


to give. 


cur, 


per 




curat, 


Per 




ct, 


Ee(n) 




ur, 


Tra(ns) 




X 9 

care. 




104 
daz, 


99 




toilivdby 


curr, 




excess 


cur, 




of light. 


curs, 






cour, 




105 


cours, 




de, 


cors, 




div, 


to run. 




(the) 
a god. 

106 




En 


deb, 




In 


debit, 




Over 


debt, 


100 


Un 


deav, 


curt, 




dev, 


short. 




du, 
to owe. 


101 






custom, 




107 


usage. 


De 


dec, 




In 


decor, 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 



129 





decorat, 




114 . 




121 




M. 


Con 


dign, 


Ad 


dress, 






Dis 


dignat, 


Re 


to make 


Pan 


108 
dect, 


In 


dignit, 
dain, 


Un 


straight. 


Syn-fec 


doch, 




deign, 




122 




to receive. 




worthy. 


Over 
Un 


driv, 
drif, 


Con 


109 
dens, 


Ante 


115 
diluyi, 




to urge on 




thick. 


Post 


delug, 




123 








a washing 


In 


dub, 




110 




away. 


Un 


dubit, 


Quoti 


di, 








doubt, 


Tri 


diurn, 




116 




doubtful. 




journ, 


In 


doc, 








du, 




doct, 




124 




a day. 




to teach. 


Ab 
Ad 


due, 
duct, 




Ill 




117 


Circum 


duk. 


Ab 


die, 


In 


dom, 


Con 


duch, 


De 


dicat, 


Un 


domit, 


De 


duit, 


In 


dex, 




daunt, 


E 


doubt, 


Pre 


to set apart 




to tame. 


In 
Intro 


to lead. 




112 




118 


Pro 




Ad 


die, 


Pre 


dom, 


Re 




Bene 


diet, 




domin, 


Se 




Contra 


dictat, 




dominat, 


Sub 




B 


dit, 




domest, 


Tra(ns) 




En 


dg, 




domic, 


\ / 




In 


g> 




dam, 






Inter 


ch, 




a house. 




125 


Ju(r) 

Male 


to say. 




119 


E 


dulc, 
dulcor, 


Pre 

Prea 

V^en 


113 




dorm, 
dormit, 
to sleep. 




dulcorat, 
sweet. 

126 


Para 


digm, 




120 


En 


dur, 




digraat, 


Hetero 


dox, 


In 


durat, 




to show. 


Ortho 
Para 


opinion. 


Ob 


hard. 



(9) 



130 



A DRILL BOOK IN THE 



Cata 
Re 



Cath 

Deca 

Dodeca 

Octa 

Penta 

Poly 



Ex 

Per 

Pre 

Pro 

Re 



Ad 
Co 
In 
Un 

Co 
Ex 



Chir= s 

En 

Ge 

S=chir 

Syn 

Ab 
In 
Per 
Un 

In 



127 




ech, 




a sound, 




128 


Co 


edr, 


Prim 


hedr, 




a seat. 






Af 




Ef 


128 a 


In 


eem^ 


Ne 


empt, 


Pre 


mpt, 




ans, 




to buy. 




129 


M 


equ, 


Bene 


equat, 


Con 


even. 


Counter 




De 


130 


Dif 


ere, 


Ef 


ercis, 


In 


to shut up. 


Magn 




Male 


131 


Of 


erg, 


Omni 


org, 


Out 


urg. 


Per 


work. 


Pre 




Pro 


132 


Re 


err, 


Suf 


arr, 


Sur 


to wander. 


Un 


133 


De 


estim, 


In 


estiraat, 





esteem, 
to value. 

134 

ev, 

etern, 
never end- 
ing time. 

135 

u 

fat, 

fant, 

fane, 

fac, 

far, 

to speak. 

136 
fac, 
fact, 
feet, 
fie, 
ficat, 
feat, 
feit, 
fit, 
feas, 
fair, 
fash, 

to make. 



137 



fall, 
fals, 
fail, 



De 
In 



De 
Un 



In 



Dis 
Un 



In 



Ef 
Un 



De 

In 

Mani 
Of 
Un 



;fault, 

to deceive. 

138 
fam, 
famat, 
renown. 

139 
fam, 
hunger. 

140 
fatig, 
fatigat, 
to weary. 

141 
fatu, 
fatuat, 
foolish. 

142 
favor, 
kind re- 
gard. 

143 
felic, 
happy. 

144 
femin, 
female. 

145 
fend, 
fens, 
fenc, 
fest, 
to keep off 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 



131 



Af 

Circum 

Con 

De 

Dif 

E£ 

In 

Of 

Pre 

Pro 

Ee 

Suf 

Trans 



146 
ter, 
feroc, 
fierc, 
wild. 

147 
for, 

fert, 
(lat,) 

to bear. 



148 
ferv, 
fervesc, 
to boil. 

149 
fess, 
to ac- 
knowledge 

150 
Act, 
feign, 
feint, 

figure, 
to form. 

151 
fid, 

fy, 

faith, 



In 


to trusts 




Per 




Circum 


Un 




De • 




152 


In 


Af 


fin, 


Re 


Con 


finit, 




De 


an end. 




Dif 






In 




Af 


Re 




Con 


Super 




In 


Un 


153 




Af 


firm, 


Af 


Con 


farm, 


Circum 


In 


stable. 


Con 
De 




154 


Dif 


Af 


fix 


Ef 


Ante 


fixed. 


In 


Con 




Inter 


In 




Pro 


Inter 




Re 


Post 




Semi 


Pre 




Super 


Trans 






Un 








155 


Ex 


Con 


flagr, 


In 


De 


flagrat, 


Inter 


In 


flamm, 


Port 




flam, 


Tre 




flammat 






a blaze. 


Bi 
Con 


Af 


156 


De 


Con 


fiat, 


In 


Dif 


a blast. 


Mai 


Ef 




Mis 


In 




Multi 


Per 




Per 


Suf 




Re 



157 

fleet, 
flex, 
to bend. 



158 
flict, 
to strike. 



159 
flu, 
flux, 
fluid, 
fluv, 
fluviat, 
to flow. 



160 
foli, 

foliat, 
foil, 
a leaf. 



161 
form, 
format, 
to shape. 



132 



A DRILL BOOK IN THE 



Trans 






168 




175 


Un 




Re 1 


-ug, 


En { 


?age, 


Uni 


162 


Subter j 


Eugit, 

to flee. 


i 


z pledge. 
176 


Com 


:ort, 




169 


Re , 


2;ard, 


De 


[ore, 


Ef 


fulg, 




^uard, 


Ef 


strong. 


Re 


fulgur, 




to protect. 


En 






fulgurat, 






Per 






to shine. 




177 


TJn 






170 




gast, 
gas, 




163 


In 


fum, 




ghast, 


In 


fortuit, 


Per 


a smoke. 




ghost, 


Mis 


for tun, 


Suf 






breath. 


TJn 


fortunat, 












luck. 




171 




178 






De 


funct, 


En 


gaud. 




164 


Per 


to perform 


Over 


joy, 


An 


frang, 






Re 


joice, 


In 


fract, 




172 




to be glad 


Ke 


frag, 


Af 


fund, 






Suf 


frail, 


Oircum 


fus, 




179 




fring, 


Con 


found, 


Apo 


ge ' , 




to break. 


Dif 
Ef 


fut, 
to pour. 


Peri 


earth. 




165 


In 






180 


Con 


frater, 


Inter 




Con 


gel, 


Un 


fratr, 


Pro 




Re 


gelat, 


j 


fratern, 


Re 






geal, 




frere, 


Suf 






jelly, 




friar, 


Trans 






frost. 




a brother. 




173 




181 




166 


Pro 


fund, 


Con 


gen, 


De 


fraud, 


Re 


found, 


De 


genit, 




deceit. 


Un 


foundat, 


En 


gend, 








the bottom. 


In 


gn, 




167 






Pre 


gener, 


Un 


fruct, 




174 


Primo 


generat, 




fruit, 




futur, 


Pro 


to beget. 




a product. 




about to be. 


Re 
Un 





ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 



133 



182 


Apo 


gram, 






Dia 


gramm, 


Dis 




En 


grammat, 


Pre 


jest, 


Epi 


grave, 




to carry. 


Meta 


graft, 






Mono 


to write. 


Ad 




Ortho 




Co 




Para 




De 




Poly 




Dis 


183 




189 


En 


glac, 


A(d) 


grat, 


Ex 


glaciat, 


Con 


gratu, 


In 


ice. 


Dis 


gratul, 


Pro 




In 


gratulat, 


Re 


184 


Un 


grac, 


Un 


glomes 




gree, 




glomerat, 




pleasing. 


An 


a ball. 






Ex 






190 


In 


185 


Ag 


grav, 




glori, 




griev, 




glory. 




grief, 








heavy. 


Un 


186 








g!yp h > 




191 




giypt> 


Ag 


greg, 




to hollow 


Con 


gregat, 




out. 


E 

Se 


a flock. 




187 




192 




grad, 


En 


gross, 


May 


gress, 




groc, 


Mis 


gred, 




thick. 


Per 


gree, 






Un 


to go step 




193 




by step. 




grot, 


Dis 


' 




a cave. 
194 


In 

Un 




Mis 


gubern, 






Un 


gubernat, 


Ex 


188 




govern, 




graph, 




to steer. 





195 

gust, 
to taste. 

196 
hab, 
habit, 
ab, 
bt, 

hibit, 
to have. 



197 
hal, 
halit, 
hel, 
to breathe. 

198 
hal, 
heal, 
hail, 
hoi, 
whol, 
sound. 

199 
hap, 
chance. 



200 
harmon, 
agreement 
of sounds. 

201 
haust, 
to dratv 
out. 



134 



A DRILL BOOK IN THE 



Be 



Up 



Ad 
Co 
In 
Un 



Ex 



Pre 
TJn 



Cata 



In 

Super 



Dis 

Un 



202 
hav, 
haf, 
to possess. 

203 
heav, 
hef, 

to lift. 

204 
her, 
hes, 
hesit, 
hesitat, 
to stick. 

205 
hilar, 
hilarat, 
mirthful 

206 
histor, 
story, 
a narra- 
tive. 

207 
hoi, 
whole. 



208 
horn, 
hum, 
a man. 

209 
honor, 
hones, 
honor. 



De 
Ex 



In 
Un 



Ad 

Ambi 

Oircum 

Co 

Coun 

Ex 

In 

Ob 

Per 

Pre 

Preter 

Trans 



210 
hort, 

to encour- 
age. 



211 

hospit, 

host, 

hot, 

a stranger. 



212 
hum, 
humat, 
the ground 



213 
ii 

it, 
t, 

ish, 
to go. 



Un 



214 
idi, 
one's oivn. 

215 
ident, 
the same 



Ab 
Ad 

Con 

De 

E 

In 

Inter 

Ob 

Pro 

Re 

Sub 

Fra(ns) 



Ad 

Con 

Dis 

En 

In 

Mis 

Re 

Sub 

Un 



Ab 
Ad 
Con 
Per 



216 
imag, 
imagin, 
imaginat, 
a picture. 

217 
jac, 
ject, 
to throw. 



218 
joe, 

jocul, 
jok, 

a jest. 

219 

junct, 

junt, 

jug, 

jugat, 

join, 

to join. 



220 

J u r> 
jurat, 
to swear, 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 



135 





221 


Inter 




E 


less, 


In 


just, 


Preter 




Ec 


to pick out 


Un " 


J u ^ 


Be 




11 






law. 


Sub 
Supra 




Intel 
Neg 






222 






Pre 




Un 


kin, 




229 


Pro 






race. 


Ab 


lat, 


Re 








Col 


lay, 


Se 






223 


De 


(fer,) 




234 




la, 


Di 


to bear. 


11 


leg, 




lay, 


E 






legis, 




lit, 


11 






legitim, 




the people. 


Ob 
Pre 
Pro 






latv. 




224 






235 


Ana 


lab, 


Re 




Re 


len, 


Cata 


leps, 


Sub 






soft. 


Di 


lept, 


Super 








Epi . 


lemm, 


Trans 






236 


Meta 


to take. 






Re 


lent, 


Pro 






230 




pliant. 


Syl 






lav, 








225 




to wash, 




237 


Be 


labor, 




to pour out 


Al 


lev, 


E 


laborat, 






E 


levat, 


Un 


to toil. 




231 


Re 


liev, 


Under 




Pro 


lax, 


Sub 


lief, 






Re 


lix, 




to lift lip. 




226 




leas, 






Ba=bi 


lane, 




loose. 




238 




a dish. 






De 


liber, 








232 


11 


liberat, 




227 


Ab 


leg, 




liver, 


Di 


lapid, 


Al 


legat, 




free. 




lapidat, 


Col 


to appoint 








a stone. 


De 
Re 


by law. 




239 




228 




233 


Al 


lie, 


Col 


laps, 


Col 


leg, 


De 


licat, 


De 


to fall. 


Di 


lect, 


E 


licit, 


E 




Dia 


K& 




light, 


11 










to entice. 



136 



A DRILL BOOK IN THE 





240 




246 


Eu 




11 ] 


icit, 


Ec 


lip, 


Mono 




Un 


icenc, 


El 


lips, 


Para 






licens, 




lipt, 


Pro 






[icenti, 




to leave. 


Syl 






leis, 












to be per- 




247 




252 




mitted. 


Col 


liqu, 


E 


long, 






De 


liquat, 


Fur 


longat, 




241 


E 


liquesc, 


Ob 


leng, 


Al 


lid, 


Un 


to melt. 


Pro 


long. 


Col 


lis, 










E 


to strike. 




248 




253 






Re 


lish, 


Al 


loqu, 




242 




lech, 


Ambi 


locut, 


Be 


lieve, 
lief, 




to lick. 


Oircum 
Col 


to speak. 




to permit. 




249 


E 








Al 


liter, 


Inter 






243 


11 


literat, 


Multi 




Al 


Kg, 


Ob 


letter, 


Ob 




Ob 


ligat, 




a letter. 


Pro 




Ee 


li, 












iy 




250 




254 




leagu, 


Ab 


loc, 


Ab 


lu, 




to bind. 


Al 


locat, 


Al 


lut, 






Col 


low, 


Di 


luv, 






Dis 


a place. 


E 


to ivash. 




244 


E 








11 


limit, 


Inter 






255 


Un 


limitat, 


Trans 




Ante 


luc, 




a boun- 






E 


lucid, 




dary. 




251 


11 


lucidat, 






A 


log, 


Inter 


lumin, 




245 


Ambi 


a word. 


Pel 


luminat, 


De 


line, 


Ana 




Re 


to shine. 


Inter 


a thin cord 


Anti 




Trans 




Multi 




Apo 








Out 




Cata 






256 


Sub 




Deca 




Col 


luct, 


Un 




Dia 




E 


luctat, 


Under 




E 
Ec 




Ob 
Re 


to struggle 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 



137 



257 




264 . ( 




of paths, to 


lud, 


Im 


man, 




confound. 


lus, 


Per 


mans, 






to play. 


Re 


main, 




272 






mn, 


Im 


medi, 






to stay. 


Inter 


mediat, 
middle. 






265 








Com 


mand, 




273 




Counter 


mend, 


Pre 


medit, 




De 


to commit 


Un 


meditat, 


258 


Re 


to, 




to thi7ik. 


lur, 




to order. 






to decoy. 




266 




274 
mel, 


259 


Sub 


mar, 




mell, 


luxuri, 


Trans 


the sea. 




honey. 


lusc, 


Ultra 








rankness. 




267 




275 

melan, 


260 


Counter 


mark, 




Hack. 


lyr, 


Re 


march, 






a harp. 


Un 


marqu, 




276 






a mark, 


Com 


memor, 


261 




a limit. 


Im 


member, 


lys,' 






Re 


a calling to 


lyt, 




268 




mind. 


iyz 5 




mart, 






a loosing. 




march, 
war. 




277 
mer, 


262 








mir, 


magn, 




269 




to sp>ort. 


mag, 


Im 


matr, 






majest, 




matern, 




278 


great. 




mother. 




mere, 
mercen, 


263 




270 




mark, 


man, 


Im 


matur, 




to trade. 


min. 


Pre 


ripe. 






main, 








279 


the hand. 




271 


E 


merg, 




A 


maz, 


Im 


mers, 




Be 


a network 


Sub 


to dip in 



138 



A DRILL BOOK IN THE 



Ad 

Com 

Di 

Dia 

Hepta 

Hexa 

Im 

Octo 

Penta 

Sym 

Tn 

Un 



Un 



Com 
E 
Im 
Pro 



Com 

Di 

Im 



Ad 



Ad 

Com 

Im 



280 
met, 
metr, 
meas, 
mens, 
to measure 



281 
milit, 
militat, 
a soldier. 

m 282 
min, 
minat, 
men, 
to threaten 

283 
min, 
minut, 
minim, 
less. 

284 
mir, 
mirat, 
mar, 
to wonder, 

m 285 
misc, 
mixt, 
to mix. 



Inter 

Per 

Pro 



Com 



Im 
Un 



Ad 

Com 

De 

Dis 

E 

Im 

Inter 

Intro 



Per 

Pre 

Preter 

Pro 

Re 

Sub 

Sur 

Trans 



Com 

Im 

Re 



Un 



> 286 
miser, 
wretched. 

287 
mitig, 
mitigat, 
to soften. 

< 288 
mitt, 
mit, 
miss, 
mess, 
mass, 
to send. 



289 
mod, 
modat, 
modest, 
measure. 

290 
molest, 
trouble- 
some. 



Ad 
De 
Pre 
Re 

Sub 



A(d) 

Dis 

Par+a 

Pro 

Sur 

Tra 

Ultra 

Bi 

Semi 
Tri 



De 
Im 



Re 



A 

Dis 
Im 
Un 

Com 

E 

Im 

Pro 

Re 

Un 



291 
mon, 
monit, 
monstr, 
monstrat, 
must, 
to put in 

mind. 

292 
mont, 
mount, 
a high hill 



293 
moon, 
mon, 
the moon. 

294 
mor, 
manner. 

295 
mord, 
mors, 
to Mte. 

296 
mor, 
mort, 
to die. 

297 
mov, 

mot, 
mo, 
mob. 
to move. 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 



139 



Com 
Im 

Ee 



A 



Im 



Com 

Im 

Inter 

Per 

Trans 



Ad 

Con 

Counter 

De 

111 

In 

Preter 

Ee 

Sub 

Super 

Un 

Circum 



298 


In 


mun, 


Ee 


mon, 


Un 


service. 






An 




Con 


299 




mus, 


Ab 


to stand 


De 


idle, to 


Ee 


think. 




300 




mus, 


In 


a muse. 


Ob 


301 




mut, 
dumb. 






Ab 


302 


E 


mut, 




mutat, 




to change. 


Ag 
Bi 




Cog 
Con 


303 


De 


nasc, 


En 


nat, 

to be bom. 


In 




Mis 




Pre 




Pro ' 




Quadri 
Tri 




An 




Con 


304 


E 


nav, 


In 



nau, 
a ship. 

305 
nect, 
nex, 
to tie. 

306 
neg, 
negat, 

to say no. 

307 
noc, 
nox, 
nuis, 
to harm. 

308 
norm, 
a rule. 

309 
nose, 
not, 
no, 
nom, 
nomin, 
noun, 
noiss, 
noit, 
nit, 
niz, 
to know. 



310 
numer, 
number. 



Out 

Super 

Un 

An 

De 

E 

Inter 

Pro 

Re 

An=in 



Epi+eis 

Ex 

Meth 

Peri 

Syn 

Com 

Ep 

Mon 

Par 

Pros 

Ante 
Di 
Par 
Peri 



An 
Ant 
Met 
Par 

Syn 

Co 
In 



311 
nunc, 
nunciat, 
nounc, 
to bring 
news. 

312 

od, 

to hate. 

313 

od, 
a ivay. 



314 

od, 
ed, 
a song. 



315 
oec, 
och, 
ec, 
ish, 
a house. 

316 
onom, 
onym, 
a name. 



317 

oper, 
operat, 



140 



A DRILL BOOK IN THE 



Cat 

Di(a) 

Syn 



Ad 
Pre 



Ad 
Ex 
Per 



Co 
Dis 

Extra 

In 

Pre 

Prim 

Re 

Semi 

Sub 

Tin 

Dis 

In 

Ke 



Ab 
Ex 
Un 



euver, 

ur, 

work. 

318 
opt, 
ops, 
op, 
to see. 

319 

opt, 
optat, 
to wish. 

320 
or, 
orat, 
to leg. 

321 

ordin, 

ordinat, 

ordain, 

order, 

ordon, 

order. 



322 
organ, 
an instru- 
ment. 

323 
ori, 
ort, 

origin, 
to rise. 



Id 
Sub 
Un 



Neg 



Ap 
Im 
Re 
Un 



Com 
Im 



Im 



Com 
Im 



Ex 



324 
orn, 
ornat, 
to fit out. 

325 
oti, 
otiat, 
ease. 

326 
pac, 
pacat, 
peac, 



peace. 

327 
pact, 

Pag, 
agreed. 

328 
pair, 

to make 
worse. 

329 
palli, 
palliat, 
a covering. 

330 
pan, 
panat, 
bread. 

331 

pand, 
pans, 
to spread. 



Com 
Dis 
Im 
Non 



Ap 
Trans 



Ap 

Em 

Im 

Pre 

Re 

Se 



A 

After 

Ap 

Bi 

Com 

Counter 

De 

Dis 

Im 

Multi 

Pro 

Quadri 



332 
par, 
paris, 
pair, 
peer, 
equal. 



333 

par, 
parit, 
pear, 

to come in- 
to view. 

334 

par, 
parat, 
pair, 
per, 
perat, 
pir, 
ver, 

to ma Tee 
ready. 

335 

pari, 
to speak. 

336 
part, 
portion, 
portionat, 
a portion. 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH 



141 







343 






Unn 


pav, 


Im 






to strike. 


Re 

Sub 


337 




344 




pass, 


Im 


pecu, 




pac, 




pecul, 




to go by 




peculi, 


Bi 






peculat, 


Im 






pecuni, 








rattle. 








private 




338 




property. 




past, 








to feed. 




345 


Ex 




Ap 


pell, 






Com 


puis, 




339 


Dis 


pellat, 




pat, 


Ex 


peal, 




pass, 


Im 


to drive. 


Ap 


to suffer ■, 


Inter 




Com 




Pro 




Im 




Re 




Re 


340 




346 




pater, 


Ap 


pend, 




patr, 


Com 


pens, 


Apo 


parr, 


Counter 


ponder, 


Dia 


a father. 


De 


pois, 


Em 




Dis 


to cause to 


Epi 


341 


Equi 


hang down 


Pro 


path, 


Ex 






pathet, 


Im 






to suffer. 


Over 

Per 

Pre 








Pro 




A+dia 




S=dis 




Ana 




Sus 




Dia 


342 


Un 




Epi 


pauper, 




347 


Meta 


pover, 


Im 


penetr, 


Peri 


poor. 


Un 


penetrat, 
to enter. 





348 

penit, 

pent, 

poen, 

to be sorry 

349 
penn, 
pen, 
pinn, 
pin, 
a feather. 

350 
peri, 
pert, 
to try. 

351 
pet, 
petit, 
peat, 
to seek. 

352 
phan, 
phas, 
phat, 
phant, 
phen, 
fane, 
fant, 
to appear* 

353 

pher, 
phor, 
to bear. 



142 



A DRILL BOOK IN THE 



Apo 
Di 

Mono 
Tri 



Com 



Com 
Ex 



354 
phthong, 
thegm, 
thegmat 
to utter c 
sound. 



355 



Im 
TJn 


pi, 

dutiful. 




356 


Be 
De 
Im 

Over 
TJn 


pict, 
paint, 

Pig' . 
to paint 




357 


Com 
Im 


Ping> 
pact, 
to fix. 




358 


Com 
Dis 
Im 
Un 


plac, 
please, 
plead, 
plais, 



to please. 

359 

plain, 
plaint, 
plague, 
to heat. 

360 
plan, 
planat, 
plain, 



Ap 
Dis 
Ex 
Im 
Un 



Con 

De 

Ex 

Im 

Ee 

Sup 



Ap 

Com 

De 

Dis 

Du 

Dou 

Em 

Ex . 

Im 

Multi 

Octo 

Per 

Quadra 

Quintu 

Re 

Septu 

Sextu 

Sim 

Sup 

Tri 

Tin 



piano, 
level. 

361 

plaud, 
plaus, 
plod, 
plos, 
to clap t, 
hands. 

362 

pie, 

plet, 

pleth, 

plish, 

pli 

ply. 

to fill. 

363 
plic, 
plicat, 
plex, 
play, 

ploy, 
p*y> 

pie, 

bl, 

to fold. 



De 
Ex 
Im 



Non 
Over 
Sur 



Circum 



Deca 

Im 

Inter 

Metro 

Over 

Ee 

Un 



Ap 

Com 

De 

Dis 

Ex 

Im 

Inter 

Op 

Post 

Pre 

Pro 



364 
plor 
plorat, 
to cry out. 

365 

plus, 
plur, 
plu, 
more. 

366 

poke, 
pock, 
pouch, 
a small hag 



367 
pol, 

the pole. 

368, 
pol, 
polit, 
polat, 
a city. 



369 
pon, 
posit, 
post, 
pos, 
pound, 
to place. 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 



143 







375 




381 




Ap 


prec, 


Ap 


proper, 




De 


pric, 


Ex 


propri, 






prais, 


Im 


one's otvn. 






priz, 










a reward. 




382 


370 






Ap 


proxim, 


popul, 




376 


Re 


proximat, 


populat, 


Ap 


prehend, 


Un 


propit, 


publ, 


Com 


prehens, 




propinqn, 


peopl, 


De 


pregn, 




pr op i n- 


people. 


Enter 


pris, 




quat, 




Im 


to grasp. 




proach, 


371 


Re 






near. 


port, 


Sur 








portat, 




377 




383 


to carry. 


Com 


press, 


Ex 


pugn, 




De 


prim, 


Im 


pugnat, 




Ex 


print, 


Op 


pugil, 




Im 


to bear 


Pro 


a fist. 




Op 


down upon 


Re 






Over 










Re 






384 


372 


Sup 




Com 


P-mg, 


pot, 




378 


Ex 


punct, 


poss, 


Anti 


pri, 


Un 


poign, 


puis, 


Im 


prim, 




point, 


able. 


Sub 
Un 


primat, 
primit, 




to prick. 


373 




prin, 




385 


pract, 




former. 


Anti 


pur, 


pragmat, 






Im 


clean. 


done. 




379 








De 


priv, 




386 


374 




pri vat, 


Am(b) 


put, 


prec, 




single. 


Com 


putat, 


precat, 






Coun 


t, 


pray, 




380 


De 


to clean, to 


to entreat. 


Ap 


prob, 


Dis 


reckon. 




Dis 


probat, 


Im 






Im 


proof, 


Re 






Re 


prov, 
to test. 







144 



A DRILL BOOK LN THE 





387 




393 




400 


Ac 


quiesc, 


Di 


rap, 


Ar 


riv, 


Dis 


quiet, 


En 


rapt, 


De 


rivat, 


In 


quit, 


Sub 


rept, 


Out 


a lank. 


Re 


quiem, 




rav, 


Un 




Un 


coy, 

rest. 




to snatch. 




401 








394 


Ab 


rog, 




388 


Ir 


rat, 


Ar 


rogat, 


Ac 


quir. 


Over 


reas, 


De 


to ask. 


Con 


quisit, 


Un 


to reckon. 


Inter 




Dis 


quer, 


Under 




Pre 




Ex 


quest, 




395 


Pro 




In 


to seek. 


Un 


re, 


Super+ 




Per 






a thing. 


e 




Re 








Sur 




Un 






396 




402 






Cor 


reg, 


Ab 


rupt, 




389 


Di 


rect, 




to break. 


Bi 


quadr, 


E 


regn, 


Cor 




S=ex 


quar, 


Inter 


reign, 


Dis 






quart, 


Ir 


i'oy, 


E 






quat, 


Sou 


rge, 


Ir 






four. 


Su 


rce, 


Inter 








Sub 


to keep 


Pro 






390 




straight 






Bi 


rad, 








403 


Cor 


radiat, 




397 




rur, 


E 


a ray. 


Ar 


rid, 




rust, 


Ir 




De 


ris, 




the coun- 






Ir 


ridicul, 




try 




391 




to laugh. 






E 


radic, 








404 




radicat, 




398 


[Con 


sacr, 




radix, 


Ir 


rig, 


De 


sanct, 




a root. 




rigat, 


Ex 


secrat, 








to water a 


Ob 


saint, 




392 




field. 


Un 


sacerd ? 


Ar 


rang, 








holy. 


De 


rank, 




399 






Out 


a rotv. 




rig, 




405 


Under 






rigor, 
to be cold. 


For 


sak, 

to contend. 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 



145 





406 


Omni 






41? 


As 


sal, 


Ne 




Bi 


sec, 


De 


suit, 


Pre 




Co 


sect, 


Dis 


sail, 


Un 




Dis 


^g, 


Ex 


sault, 






In 


to cut. 


In 


sil, 




412 


Inter 




Re 


to leap. 


Bi=epi 


scop, 


Re 




Sub 




Epi 


scopt, 


Sub 




Super 




Poly 


shop, 


Tri 




Trans 






to look. 




418 




407 




413 


As 


sed, 


In 


salv, 


A(d) 


scrib, 


Be 


sess, 


Re 


salvat, 


Anti 


script, 


Con 


sid, 


Un 


salut, 


Circum 


scriv, 


In 


sieg, 




saluber, 


jCon 


scry, 


Pre 


to sit. 




saf, 


De 


to tvrite. 


Re 






sav, 


Ex 




Sub 






ivell. 


In 

Inter 




Super 






408 


Pre 






419 


In 


sap, 


Pro 




Be 


seech, 


Re 


sip, 


Re 




Re 


seek, 


Un 


sav, 
to taste. 


Sub 

Super 

Trans 






to seek. 
420 




409 


Un 




Con 


sen, 


Dis 


sat, 








senat, 


In 


satiat, 




414 




seigni, 


Over 


satis, 


Over 


scrup, 




signi, 


Super 


satur, 


Un 


a small 




sense, 


Un 


full. 
410 




pointed 
stone, t o 
hesitate. 




sir, 
old. 


A(d) 


scan, 








421 


De 


scans, 




415 


As 


sent, 


Trans 


scend, 


In 


scrut, 


Con 


sens, 


Un 


scent, 




to search. 


Dis 


scent, 




to climb. 






In 


to perceive 








416 


Non 


by the 




411 


In 


sculp, 


Pre 


senses. 


Con 


sci, 




sculpt, 


Re 




In 


to knotu. 




to engrave 


Super 





(10) 



146 



A DB1LL BOOK IN THE 



Con 

En 

Ex 

Ob 

Per 

Pro 

Pur 

Sab 

As 
De 
Dis 
Ex 
In 

Con 

De 

Dis 

In 

Mis 

Ob 

Pre 

Re 

Sub 

Super 



Con 
De 



As 

Con 

Counter 

De 

En 

In 

Pre 

Ke 

Under 



422 
sequ, 
secut, 
second, 
sect, 
sue, 
suit, 
to follow. 

423 

ser, 
sert, 
to join. 



424 
ser v, 
servat, 
servit, 
serge, 
to save, 
to serve. 



As 

Dis 

lie 



425 
ler, 
siderat, 
sire, 
to look for. 

426 
sign, 
signat, 
a mark. 



Dis 



As 

Con 

Dis 

In 

Un 



Con 



De 



Con 
Sur 
Un 



427 
sil, 
to be quiet. 

428 
simil, 
similat, 
simul, 
simulat, 
semble, 
like. 

429 
sip, 
sipat, 
to throiv. 

430 

soci, 
sociat, 
a partner, 



431 

sol, 

solat, 

to comfort 



432 
sol, 
solat, 
alone. 



433 
solid, 
solidat, 
sold, 
firm. 



Ab 

Dis 

In 

Re 

Un 

Ab 

As 

Con 

Dis 

Per 

Re 



Ab 
Re 



Con 

Re 

Un 



Be 



As 

Dis 

Inter 



De 
Pro 



43 i 

solv, 
solut, 
solu, 
to loose. 

435 
son, 
sound, 
sound. 



436 
sorb, 
sorpt, 
to suck in. 

437 
sort, 

to cast, or 
draw a lot. 



438 

spang, 
a shining 
ornament. 



439 
spars, 
spers, 
to scatter. 



440 
sper, 
sperat, 
spair, 
to hope. 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 



147 



A(d) 


441 
spic, 


As 


446 
st, 


Apo 


451 

stol, 


Circum 


spect, 


Circum 


stat, 


Dia 


stl, 


Con 


spec, 


Con 


sist, 


Epi 


stalt, 


De 


spis, 


Contra 


stas, 


Peri 


to send. 


Ex 


spit, 


De 


stem, 


By(n) 




In 


s py> 


Di 


stit, 




452 


Intro 


to look. 


Ec 


stitut, 




string, 


Per 




Ex 


stic, 




strong, 


Pro 




[n 


to stand. 




streng, 


Ke 




Inter 






a sm all 


Sos 




Meta 






rope. 


Trans 




Ob 
Per 






453 




442 


Pro 




A(d) 


string, 


A(d) 


spir, 


Re 




Con 


strict, 


Con 


spirat, 


Sub 




Di 


strain, 


Di 


spirit, 


Super 




Re 


strait, 


Ex 


sprit, 


Sys 




Un 


stress, 


In 


spright, 








to draw 


Pei- 


to breathe. 




447 




tight. 


Ke 




In 


staur, 






Sus 




Re 


staurat, 




454 


Trans 






stor, 


Ana 


stroph, 








to renew. 


Anti 


to turn. 




443 






Apo 




Re 


splend, 




448 


Oat a 






to shine. 


Con 


stell, 


Epi 








Inter 


stellat, 
a star. 


Mono 
Con 


455 

stru, 




444 




449 


De 


struct, 


De 


spol, 


Con 


stern, 


In 


stroy, 


Ex 


spoil, 


In 


strat, 


Ob 


to build. 




to strip. 


Inter 


sternat, 


Sub 








Pro 


street, 


Super 








Sub 


to spread. 




456 






Un 






strag, 




445 




450 




strik, 


De 


spond, 


Di 


stingu, 




stroll, 


Re 


spons, 


Ex 


stinct 




strug, 




spous, 


In 


to scratch 




to hit. 




to promise. 


1 


out. 







148 



A DRILL BOOK IN THE 



Dis 
Per 



As 

Con 

Pre 

Ee 

Sub 

Trans 

Com 



In 



Ab 



An(d) 
For 



457 
suad, 
suas, 
to advise. 

458 
sum, 
sumpt, 
sumps, 
to take up 



459 
summ, 
summat, 
stem 

460 
super, 
supr, 
sover, 
above. 

461 
surd, 
deaf. 

462 
swer, 
swear, 
to affirm. 

463 

swif, 
swiv, 

to move 
quickly 

464 
tabern, 
tavern, 
a hut. 



Eu 

Syn 



De 
En 
Re 

At 

Con 

En 

In 

Per 



Re 



Over 



De 
In 
Pro 
Re 



465 
tabul, 
tabl, 
a board. 

466 
tact, 
tax, 
to place in 
order. 

467 
tail, 
to cut. 

468 
tang, 
tact, 
tamin, 
tag, 
teger, 
tegr, 
tigu, 
tire, 
tax, 
taxat), 
task, 
to touch. 

469 
tard, 
tardat, 
sloiv. 

470 
ted, 
to weary. 

471 

teg, 
tect, 
to cover. 



At 
Un 



A 

Ana 

At 

Con 

Dis 

En 

Epi 

Ex 

In 

Mis 



Abs 

Con 

Coun 

De 

Enter 

Ob 

Per 

Pur 

Re 

Sus 

Un 



At 

Con 

Dis 

Ex 

In 

Os 

Par 

Pre 



472 
tempt, 
to make 
trial of. 

473 

torn, 

tm, 

tempi, 

templat, 

tempor, 

tempest, 

temper, 

temperat, 

tens, 

to cut, a 
piece cut 
off, time, 
to regu- 
late. 

474 
ten, 
tent, 
tin, 
tain, 
to hold. 



475 
tend, 
tens, 
tent, 
to stretch. 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 



149 



Sub 
Un 

At 

Con 

De 



Con 
De 
Ex 
In 



De 
Un 



Circum 

Con 

De 

Ex 

In 

Par 

Sub 

Super 

At 

Con 

De 

In 

Ob 

Pro 

Un 

Con 

Inter 

Pre 



476 
ter, 
trit, 
tri, 

tritur, 
triturat, 
to rub. 

477 
term, 
termin, 
terminat, 
a bound. 

478 
terr, 
ter, 

to mah 
afraid. 

479 
terr, 
ter, 

terrest, 
the earth. 



480 
test, 
testat, 
a witness, 



481 

text, 
to weave. 



A 

En 
Mono 
Poly 
Tri 



Ana 

Anti 

Apo 

Epi 

Hypo 

Meta 

Para 

Para+ 

en 
Pro 
Pros 
Syn 



Un 



De 
En 
In 
Un 

In 



482 
the, 
thus, 
de, 
div, 
a god. 

483 

the, 

them, 

themat, 

thes, 

thee, 

to put. 



Un 



484 
thesaur, 
treasur, 
store. 

485 
thron, 
a royal 
seat. 

486 
tim, 
timid, 
timidat, 
timor, 
to fear. 

487 
ting, 
tinct, 
tint, 
taint, 
to .color. 



Re 



In 



A 

As 

At 

De 

In 

Iso 

Mono 

Peri 

Semi 

Syn 

Tri 

Un 



U=eu 



Con 

De 

Dis 

Ex 

In 

Re 

Abs 

At 

Be 

Con 

De 

Dis 

Ex 

In 



488 
tire, 
to draw. 

489 
toler, 
tolerat, 
to endure. 

490 
ton, 
tonat, 
tound, 
tun, 
a sound. 



491 
top, 

a place. 

492 
tort, 
tors, 
to twist. 



493 
trah, 
tract, 
trac, 
tray, 
trait, 
track, 
trail, 
train, 



150 



A BRILL BOOK W THE 



Por 

Pro 

Re 

Sub 

Un 



In 



At 
Con 
Dis 
Re 

Con 



treat, 
to drag. 



Dis 
Per 
Un 



494 
trem, 
tremend, 
tremul, 
to shake. 

495 

trepid, 

trepidat, 

trembling. 

m 496 
trib, 
tribut, 
to assign. 

497 
triv, 
triev, 
trov, 
to hit upon 



In 





498 


Abs 


trud, 


De 


trus, 


Ex 


to thrust 


In 




Ob 




Pro 




Re 






499 


Con 


turn, 


Ex 


tumul, 


In 


tumult, 


Pro 


tumid, 




tumor, 




tuber, 




to swell. 



Ad 

Pene 

S(ub) 



Dis 
Re 
Tri 



Ab 
In 
Re 



An 
In 



500 
turb, 
turbat, 
troubl, 
to confuse. 



501 

turg, 
turgid, 
togrozo big 



502 



ugh 



503 
umbr, 
umbrat, 
ombr, 
a shade. 



504 
un, 

unit, 
one. 



505 
und, 
undat, 
ound, 
a ivave. 



506 
ungu, 
unct, 
oint, 
to smear. 



Ab 

Dis 

In 

Mis 

Per 

Un 

Be 



Ne 



E 

In 

Per 



E 
Extra, 



507 
ut, 
us, 
to use. 



508 
ut, 
out, 
exterior. 

509 
uter, 
utr, 
either. 

510 
vac, 
vacu, 
vacat, 
empty. 

511 
vad, 
vas, 
to go. 

512 
vag, 
vagr, 
strolling 
about. 



A(d) 

Bi 

Con 

Counter 

Equi 

In 

Pre 

Quadri 



513 

val, 
vail, 
valesc, 
to be 

strong. 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 



151 







520 




526 




De 


velat, 




verd, 




Re 


veal, 




green. 




Un 


veil, 

a covering. 




527 


514 








verm, 


vail, 




521 




a worm. 


vallat, 


Ad 


ven, 






val, 


Circum 


vent, 




528 


a stake. 


Con 


to come. 


A 


vert, 




Contra 




Ad 


vers, 


515 


E 




Con 


vertis, 


van, 


In 




Contro 


versat, 


vain, 


Inter 




Di 


vorc, 


vanesc, 


Pre 




In 


to turn. 


vaunt, 


Re 




Intro 




empty. 


Sub 
Super 




Ob 
Per 




516 






Re 




vapor, 




522 


Retro 




vaporat, 


Inter 


ven, 


Sub 




steam. 




venat, 

vein, 

a blood ves 


Trans 
Uni 


529 


517 




set. 


In 


ves tig, 


vari, 








vestigat, 


diverse. 




523 
vend, 




a footstep 
530 


518 




vendit, 


In 


veter, 


vas, 




ven, 




veterat, 


vascul, 




to sell. 




old. 


vess, 










a vessel. 








531 






524 


Con 


vi, 




Re 


ver, 


De 


vey, 


519 




to /ear. 


En 


voy, 


veh, 






In 


voic, 


vect, 






Ob 


a iv ay. 


vex, 




525 


Per 




veigh, 


Ad 


verb, 


Pre 




vey, 


Pro 


verbat, 


Tri 




to carry. 




a word. 







152 



A BRILL BOOK IN THE 



Ad 

E 

En 

Pre 

Pro 

Pur 

Ke 

Super 

Sili- 



con 

E 

In 

Pro 

Un 



In 
Un 



Con 

Re 

Sur 



532 




vie, 


A 


viciss, 


Ad 


change. 


Con 




E 


533 


Equi 


vicin, 


In 


near. 


Pre 




Re 


534 


Uni 


vid, 




vis, 




visit, 




visitat, 


Bene 


vist, 


In 


vie, 


Male 


vey, 


Ne 


vy, 




view, 




ud, 




to see. 




535 




vine, 


Circum 


vict, 


Con 


vanqu, 


De 


to over- 


E 


come. 


In 




Inter 


536 


Ob 


viol, 


Re 


violat, 




to hurt. 




537 


De 


viv, 


Omni 


vict, 




vit, 




to live. 





538 
voc, 
vocat, 
vok, 
voic, 
vouch, 


A 
De 

Out 
Un 


vow, 




a voice. 




539 
vol, 
volit, 
volunt, 
volupt, 
to wish. 


A 
Be 


540 
volv, 
volut, 
volumin, 


Com- 
mon 
Un 


VOl I, 

to roll. 


Quick 

Un 

Under 


541 




vor, 




vorac, 




vour, 
to eat 
greedily. 





542 
vot, 

vout, 
vow, 
to promise. 



543 
wake, 
watch, 
to rouse 
from sleep, 
to he awake 



544 

ware, 

talcing no- 
tice. 



545 

weal, 
well, 
good. 



546 
wit, 
wis, 
wiz, 
to knotv. 



547 
zeal, 
jeal, 
emulation. 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH 153 



, PREFIXES 



These twenty prefixes occur frequently, and should be carefully 
learned with their meanings. 

<** 

Ab, a, abs, adv, v, from. 

Ad, a, ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, at, to. 

Ante, before. 

Circum, around. 

Con, co, col, com, cor, coun, icith, together. 

De down, from. 

Dis, di, dif , apart. 

Ex, e, ef , out. 

In, ig, il, im, ir, upon, against, not. 

Inter, among. 

Ob, oc, of, op, toicards. 

Per, pel, par, through, very. 

Pre, prea, , before. 

Pro, por, pur, foncard. 

Re, red, back, again. 

Se, sed, sine, without. 

Sub, sue, suf, sug, sum, sup, sur, sus, sou, su, under, after. 

Super, sur, above* 

Trans, tra, traf, tres, over, beyond, 

Vn not. 



154 



A DRILL BOOK IN THE 



PREFIXES 



These occur less frequently than those of the previous list. 



A, • 


on. 


Hyper, 


above. 


A, an 


uyithout. 


Hypo, hyp, 


under. 


Ambi, amb, am, 


around. 


Intro, 


within. 


an, 




Juxta, 


close by. 


Amphi, 


around, on both 


Meta, met, 


after. 




sides. 


Meth, 


beyond. 


Ana, 


up, backwards. 


Mill, mil, 


thousand. 


An(d,) 


against. 


Mis, 


wrong. 


Anti, ant, 


against. 


Mono, 


one. 


Apo, ap, aph, 


from, off. 


Ne, neg, 


not. 


Arist, 


best. 


Non, 


against. 


Aut, 


self. 


Octo, 


eight. 


Be 


near. 


Ortho, 


straight. 


Bene, 


well. 


Out, 


beyond. 


Bis, hi, 


two, twice. 


Over, 


too much. 


By, 


beside. 


Para, par, 


beside. 


Cata, cat, 


down, against. 


Pene, 


almost. 


Cent, 


hundred. 


Penta, 


five. 


Dec, 


ten. 


Peri, 


around. 


Demo, 


people. 


Post, 


after. 


Dia, di, 


through. 


Preter, 


beyond. 


Dodeca, 


twelve. 


Prim, prin, 


first. 


Dys, 


bad. 


Quadr, 


four. 


Ec, 


out. 


Quinqu, 


five. 


En, em, 


in. 


Quint, 


five. 


Enter, 


beticeen. 


Retro, 


backward, 


Epi, ep, eph, 


upon. 


Semi, 


half. 


Equi, 


equal. 


Sept, 


seven. 


Extra, 


beyond. 


Sex, 


six. 


Eu, ev, 


icell, good. 


Subter, 


under. 


For, 


against. 


Tetra, 


four. 


Fore, 


before. 


Theo, 


god. 


Hept, 


seven. 


Tri, 


three. 


Hetero, 


other. 


With, 


against. 



ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH. 



155 



SUFFIXES. 



These twenty suffixes occur frequently, and should be carefully 
learned with their meanings. 

*» 

Ac, ic pertaining to. 

Al, El, ile pertaining to. 

An, ain, en, ine, une, ne, on pertaining to. 

Ance, ancy, ence, ency quality of, act of. 

Ant, ent that which, one who ; quality of, inq. 

Ary, ory pertaining to ; one who, that which. 

Ate, ete, ite, ute like : that which, one icho ; to make. 

Ble, bil that may or can be. 

Er, or one icho, that which. 

Ful abounding in. 

Ion, on act of , state of, that which. 

Ish to make, to give ; like. 

, Ity, ety, ty quality of, state of, ness. 

Ive having the quality of, that which. 

Ly like. 

Ment act of, state of, that by means of which. 

Ness quality of, state of. 

Ous, ose having the quality or property of. 

Ure act of , state of being, that which. 

Y full of; state of, quality of. 






SUFFIXES. 

These occur less frequently than those of the previous list. 






Ace, 


that which. 


Et, 


diminutive, one 


Aceous, 


ac+eous. 




who, that which. 


Acity, 


ac+ity. 


Eth, 


sign of M pers. 


Acle, 


doer, place. 




sing, in verbs. 


Acy, 


state of being. 


Fie, 


to make. 


Ade, 


having the quali- 


Fy, 


fie. 




ty of, that which. 


G, 


ing. 


Age, 


collective, state 


Hood, 


state of being. 




of being. 


leal, 


ic+al. 


Ar, 


pertaining to. 


Ice, 


that which, qual- 


Ard, 


one icho, that 




ity °f> state of. 




which. 


Icity, 


ic-j-ity. 


Asm, 


ism. 


Icle, 


cle. 


Atory, 


ate + ory. 


Ics, 


doctrine, art, or 


Bly, 


ble+ly. 




science of 


Ce, 


state of, quality 


Id, 


having the qual- 




of, adverbial. 




ity of 


Cle, 


diminutive. 


Ie, 


y. 


Oule, 


diminutive. 


Ific, 


fie. 


Cv, 


acy, participial. 


ify> 


fie. 



156 



A DRILL BOOK LN THE 



D, 


did or was. 


Ing, 


participial, act 


Dom, 


that which, ju- 




of, state of, that 




risdiction, state 




which. 




of being. 


lot, 


ot. 


Ed, 


participial, did 


Ious, 


ous. 




or teas. 


Isan, 


one who. 


Ee, 


one who. 


Ise, 


to make, to git,,. 


Eer, 


one who, 


Ism, 


state of being, act 


El, 


diminutive. 




of, idiom of, doc- 


En, 


participial, that 




trine of 




which, to make, 


1st, 


one who. 




made of, to be- 


Ix, 


she who. 




come. 


Ize, 


ise. 


Enger, 


one who. 


Kin, 


diminution. 


Er, 


more. 


L, 


le. 


Eiy, 


ary. 


Le, 


diminutive, fre- 


Escence, 


state of becoming 




quentative, in- 


Escent, 


becoming. 




strumental. 


Esque, 


like. 


Less, 


without. 


Ess, 


feminine, state 


Let, 


diminutive. 




of being. 


Like, 


similar to. 


Est, 


most, sign of 3d 


Ling, 


diminutive. 




pers. sing, in 


M, 


that which, sign 




verbs. 




of the obj. case. 


Men, 


that which. 




ral, sign of Vie 


Mence, 


men+ce. 




poss. case, sign 


Min, 


that which. 




of the 3d pers. 


Mony, 


that which. 




sing, in verbs. 


N, 


participial, that 


Ship, 


office of. 




which. 


Some, 


having the qual- 


Nee, 


adverbial. 




ity of, causing. 


Ne, 


participial. 


St, 


est. 


Ocity, 


ac+ity. 


Ster, 


one who. 


Old,* 


like. 


Stress, 


she r tcho. 


Om, 


that which. 


T, 


participial, did 


On, 


that which, di- 




or was, that 




minutive, aug- 




which. 




mentative, im- 


Ter, 


the act of. 




plemented. 


Th, 


qucdity of, that 


Or. 


ness, one who, 




tchich, sign of 3d 




that ivhich. 




pers. sing. i n 


Ory, 


relating to, of 




verbs, adverbicd. 




place, that which. 


Tude, 


state of being 


Ot, 


diminutive, that 


Ture, 


that which is to 




which. 




be. 


R, 


adverbial, sign 


Ude, 


ness. 




oftheposs. case. 


Ule, 


diminutive. 


Ren, 


sign of the plural 


Ulent, 


full of. 


Ress, 


stress. 


Ward, 


in direction of 


Ric, 


jurisdiction. 


Ways, 


adverbial. 


Ry, 


whole of, prac- 


Wise, 


adverbial. 




tice of. 


Yer, 


one who. 


s, 


sign of the plu- 


Zen, 


one who. 



